EVIDENCE BY THE NORMAL BOND
Keywords:
Normal bond, Official bond and judicial evidenceAbstract
Trust in normal bonds is not the same as trust in official bonds, because normal bonds are issued directly by the concerned parties, without the interference of the public official responsible for them. Therefore, there is no reason to prefer the statement or claim of one of the opponents before the judiciary over the other. So anyone presents written evidence against his opponent may face by denying it to the opponent, or challenging the forgery in the bond, especially the legislator did not stipulate a specific form for normal bonds. The legislator must establish a specific form for normal bonds within the conditions required by the normal bond in evidence , and that is made it permissible to challenge the normal bond through forgery and not just by denial as in official bonds, given that it is possible to forge the signature or handwriting
References
Adwar Eid, Rules of Evidence in Civil and Commercial Cases, Part 1, Al-Nashr Press, Beirut 1961.
Tanago, Samir Abdel Sayed, Theory of Obligation, Alexandria, Dar Al-Ma'rifah Al-Jami'iyah, 1993.
Tawfiq Hassan Farag, Rules of Evidence in Civil and Commercial Matters, Culture Foundation, Beirut 1970
Hussein Al-Moumen, Theory of Evidence - Bonds or Written Evidence, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi, Cairo 1948
Dr. Saadoun Al-Amiri, A Brief Theory of Evidence, Al-Maaref Press, Baghdad, 1966
Dr. Fawzi Muhammad Sami and Dr. Faiq Mahmoud Al-Shamaa. Commercial Law, Commercial Papers, Dar Al-Kutub for Printing and Publishing, University of Mosul 1988
Dr. Fawzi Muhammad Sami, Commercial Papers in Iraqi Law, Baghdad 1971
Al-Sanhouri, Abdul Razzaq Ahmed, The Mediator in Explanation the New Civil Law, The Theory of Obligation in General, Sources of Obligation, Egyptian Universities Publishing House, Cairo, 1952
Abdul Baqi Al-Bakri, Explanation of the Iraqi Civil Law, Part 3, Implementation of the Obligation, Al-Zahraa Press, Baghdad, 1971
Abdul Wadud Yahya, Lessons in the Law of Evidence. Cairo, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, 1970
Muhammad Husni Abbas, Commercial Papers, Cairo, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya 1967
Muhammad Abdul Latif. The Law of Evidence in Civil and Commercial Matters, Egyptian Universities Publishing House, Cairo 1972.
Muhammad Kamal Abdul Aziz. Civil Codification in Light of the Judiciary and Jurisprudence, Cairo, 1985
Mahmoud Gamal El-Din Zaki, General Principles in the Theory of Evidence, Cairo, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya,
Markos, Sulaiman, Principles of Evidence and its Procedures in Civil Matters, Alam. Books, Cairo, 1981.
Markos, Suleaman, Written Evidence and its Procedures in Arab Legislation, Cairo, Institute of Arab Research and Studies, 1967
Al-Nadawi, Adam Wahib, The Role of the Civil Judge in Evidence, Baghdad, Arab House for Printing and Publishing, 1976
Al-Nadawi, Explanation of the Evidence Law, Arab House for Printing and Publishing, Baghdad, 1986
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
