European Scholar Journal

CRIMINAL PROTECTION OF THE HUMAN RIGHT TO FREEDOM FROM PAIN

Rusul Khalid Ibrahim — 2025-02-08

The human right to freedom from pain is among the most fundamental rights protected by criminal law. Criminal law prohibits any act that harms an individual or causes discomfort by subjecting them to pain or exacerbating their existing suffering. This right extends not only to freedom from physical pain but also to freedom from psychological pain. This right is recognized for both the individual and society, as the individual performs a social function and cannot effectively fulfill their role in society unless free from physical and psychological pain.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF POLITICAL BALANCE IN THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION AND THE STANCE OF THE IRAQI CONSTITUTION FOR 2005

Heba Neamah Mansoor — 2025-02-05

The federal system inherently necessitates a degree of political balance within the parliaments of federal states. A balance that can be achieved through the interplay of supreme parliamentary councils, which is represented by the council of parliament, and lower parliamentary councils, that is represented by the council of representatives. The aim of this study is to analyze the mechanisms of political participation in comparative federal systems to understand how they achieve political equilibrium. Additionally, it seeks to address the imbalance caused by the absence of a parliamentary council in Iraq's Constitution, where relevant issues remain unresolved due to the lack of legislative action to date. This research employs an analytical and comparative method, drawing upon constitutional texts from several federal states: the U.S. Constitution of 1787, the Swiss Constitution of 1999, the German Constitution of 1949, the Argentine Constitution of 1994, the UAE Constitution of 1971, and the Iraqi Constitution of 2005.

STRATEGIC APPROACH TO IMPROVE STUDENT FINANCIAL LITERACY COMPETENCE

Asqarov Abrorjon Khayitmirzayevich pcadmin — 2025-02-15

Increasing financial literacy through the financial education of the younger generation makes it possible to make balanced decisions, taking into account the level of risk necessary to ensure financial security. First of all, if I dwell on such issues as the management and distribution of personal finance, then the fact that the human factor makes only one wrong decision at the time of shaping personal finance causes it to suffer financial losses, expenses to exceed its income and problems such as not achieving its financial goal in time and not being able to improve material well-being. The misperception of financial decisions in humans is primarily the fact that personal finance is not fully formed. Taking this into account, in this study, with the participation of 101 respondents from students of higher educational institutions, a study was carried out by observing, comparing, measuring and experimenting with their financial knowledge using empirical research methods.

“CULTURE OF COMMUNICATION” AS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN SOCIETY'S DEVELOPMENT

Jumaeva Gulnoza Izatulloevna pcadmin — 2025-02-16

The article examines the peculiarities of the term “communication culture” and its role in the development of society. The importance of the culture of communication in interpersonal communication, its criteria, necessity in personal development and national characteristics are scientifically analyzed. In addition, the impact of good communication as a moral virtue on personal development, its role in the system of national and universal values, the history of its formation, as well as the theoretical and practical aspects of modern manifestations of the culture of communication related to etiquette and shaping in a person’s behavior are scientifically analyzed.