European Scholar Journal
type: channel
description: The European Scholar Journal (ESJ) is an international, multidisciplinary, peer-reviewed open access journal committed to publishing high-quality research across diverse academic disciplines. Operating under a rigorous double-blind peer-review process, ESJ ensures the integrity, originality, and scholarly value of all published work. The journal is published online on a monthly basis, enabling timely dissemination of innovative research findings. ESJ aims to serve as a global platform for researchers, academicians, and professionals to exchange knowledge, promote interdisciplinary collaboration, and contribute to advancements in science, humanities, social sciences, and related fields. European Scholar Journal (ESJ) is edited in Las Palmas by ScholarZest. ISSN (E): 2660-5562 Journal Impact Factor: 10.335 SJIF : 8.061 ResearchBib: 11.75
publisher: Scholarzest
language: en
publication name: European Scholar Journal
issn: 2660-5562
items: TASHKENT ARCHITECTURE OF THE SHAYBANID ERA: THE CASE OF THE KUKALDOSH MADRASA
items: EFFICIENCY OF WAVELET ANALYSIS FOR RESTORATION OF XRAY IMAGES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
items: STYLISTIC FUNCTIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LITERARY DIALOGUE
items: MANAGEMENT OF VIDEO ADVERTISING ACROSS DIGITAL PLATFORMS AND ITS ROLE IN IMPROVING THE TOURISM IMAGE OF IRAQ
items: THE PLACE OF PHOTO MATERIALS IN INTERNET JOURNALISM
items: CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR THE USE OF CHILDREN IN ORGANIZED CRIME
items: FINANCIAL SECTOR BUBBLES IN THE NIGERIAN EXCHANGE GROUP
items: RELATIONSHIP MARKETING THEORY: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE CUSTOMER ENGAGEMENT
items: GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT AND PERFORMANCE OF DOWNSTREAM OIL FIRMS IN RIVERS STATE
items: ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE AND THE RESOURCE ALLOCATION– PERFORMANCE NEXUS IN CONSTRUCTIONS FIRMS IN RIVERS STATE
items: THEORETICAL VIEWS ON PHRASEMES AND THEIR PLACE IN THE LANGUAGE SYSTEM
items: PALACE OF FLOWERS (1932-1958) HISTORICAL STUDY
items: CLAUSE COMBINATION AND THE DERIVATION OF COMPLEX SENTENCES
items: THE CONSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS FOR THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE SUPREME FEDERAL COURT
items: THE USE OF DYNAMIC AND TYPOLOGICAL METHODS IN THE WORKS OF EDGAR ALLAN POE
items: FE2O3-DOPED CDO NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION FOR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY
items: THE INFLUENCE OF THE 2022 WORLD CUP ON QATAR'S TOURISM INDUSTRY: REVIEW ARTICLE
items: LEGAL DUALITY IN ADDRESSING NUCLEAR WEAPONS POSSESSION
items: CARRIER LIABILITY IN SUCCESSIVE CARRIAGE UNDER THE IRAQI TRANSPORT LAW
items: MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIOLINGUISTICS: BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE
items: THE IMPACT OF RELIGIOUS DIFFERENCE ON PERSONAL STATUS MATTERS: A JURISPRUDENTIAL AND LEGAL STUDY
items: JOB DESIGN AND EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION OF FOOD AND BEVERAGE FIRMS IN PORT HARCOURT RIVERS STATE OF NIGERIA
items: PHONOSTYLISTIC STUDY OF BROADCASTER ABBAS HAMZA IN THE IRAQI PROGRAM AL-TAREEQ
items: THE LEGAL PROVISIONS GOVERNING THE SUCCESSION OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
items: FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEM AND CHANGE MANAGEMENT IN THE NIGERIAN BANKING INDUSTRY
items: COMPARATIVE PHARMACODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF IVABRADINE IN PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE: STABLE ANGINA
items: ANTI-BACTERIAL EFFECT OF MN:TIO2 THIN FILMS SYNTHESIS BY DIP-COATING SOL-GEL METHOD
items: IDEOLOGICAL AND MENTAL ORIENTATION OF MODERN UZBEK JOURNALISM

TASHKENT ARCHITECTURE OF THE SHAYBANID ERA: THE CASE OF THE KUKALDOSH MADRASA
type: item
description: This article examines the historical significance, architectural structure, and past and present scholarly, educational, and touristic activities of the Kukaldosh Madrasa — one of the most outstanding examples of Shaybanid-era architecture, built in the city of Tashkent
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: scholarly
  topic: keywords
subject: educational
  topic: keywords
subject: and touristic activities
  topic: keywords
creator: Omonova Madinabonu Otkir qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
starting page: 9
ending page: 12
doi: 10.17605/

EFFICIENCY OF WAVELET ANALYSIS FOR RESTORATION OF XRAY IMAGES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
type: item
description: The article examines the application of various wavelet transforms for X-ray image processing aimed at improving the quality of medical diagnostics. A comparative analysis using the MSE, PSNR, and SSIM metrics was performed to assess the quality of image restoration. The obtained results demonstrate the effectiveness of specific wavelet families in enhancing image visualization and increasing the accuracy of anomaly detection. The presented research contributes to the advancement of medical image processing methods intended for the optimization of diagnostic procedures.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Wavelet analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: X-ray images
  topic: keywords
subject: medical visualization
  topic: keywords
creator: Safarova G.T
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
starting page: 4
ending page: 8
doi: 10.17605/

STYLISTIC FUNCTIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LITERARY DIALOGUE
type: item
description: This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the stylistic significance of dialogue in literary texts, as well as its communicative and cognitive functions and linguistic features. As an essential component of literary discourse, dialogue not only represents interaction between characters but also serves to reveal their inner world, psychological state, and socio-cultural characteristics. The study highlights the role of dialogue in enhancing expressiveness, creating a sense of realism, and ensuring the development of events within the narrative. Furthermore, the individual and typical features of dialogic speech are examined, along with its lexical, syntactic, and pragmatic aspects, supported by relevant examples. The article substantiates the role of literary dialogue as a distinctive stylistic device based on modern linguistic approaches
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Literary text
  topic: keywords
subject: dialogue
  topic: keywords
subject: stylistics
  topic: keywords
subject: character speech
  topic: keywords
creator: Otamurodova Dilafruz Rakhmonovna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-12
publication date: 2026-05-12
starting page: 1
ending page: 3
doi: 10.17605/

MANAGEMENT OF VIDEO ADVERTISING ACROSS DIGITAL PLATFORMS AND ITS ROLE IN IMPROVING THE TOURISM IMAGE OF IRAQ
type: item
description: This research aims to analyze the management of video tourism advertising through digital platforms, especially YouTube, and its role in improving Iraq's tourism image. The study starts from the problem of the existence of a rich cultural and tourism heritage in Iraq, which is countered by an unclear mental image among some international audiences as a result of previous political and media circumstances, which makes digital tourism advertising an important tool in representing Iraq as a tourist. The study adopted the content analysis approach for an intentional sample of (40) video tourism advertisements published on the YouTube platform during the period (2022-2025), with the aim of revealing the nature of tourism content, values and visual patterns used in these advertisements and the extent to which they contribute to building a positive tourism image. The results showed a clear reliance on high-quality imagery, aerial photography, and a focus on archaeological and cultural tourism, and the values of history and hospitality in advertising discourse. The results also showed that video tourism advertisements through digital platforms represent an effective tool in improving Iraq's tourism image, but enhancing their effectiveness requires diversifying promotional content and focusing more on highlighting the values of beauty and safety to attract international audiences.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tourism Advertising Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Platforms
  topic: keywords
subject: Role
  topic: keywords
creator: Asst. Prof. Dr. Rabab Karim Getan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-22
publication date: 2026-04-22
starting page: 3
ending page: 11
doi: 10.17605/

MANAGEMENT OF VIDEO ADVERTISING ACROSS DIGITAL PLATFORMS AND ITS ROLE IN IMPROVING THE TOURISM IMAGE OF IRAQ
type: item
description: This research aims to analyze the management of video tourism advertising through digital platforms, especially YouTube, and its role in improving Iraq's tourism image. The study starts from the problem of the existence of a rich cultural and tourism heritage in Iraq, which is countered by an unclear mental image among some international audiences as a result of previous political and media circumstances, which makes digital tourism advertising an important tool in representing Iraq as a tourist. The study adopted the content analysis approach for an intentional sample of (40) video tourism advertisements published on the YouTube platform during the period (2022-2025), with the aim of revealing the nature of tourism content, values and visual patterns used in these advertisements and the extent to which they contribute to building a positive tourism image. The results showed a clear reliance on high-quality imagery, aerial photography, and a focus on archaeological and cultural tourism, and the values of history and hospitality in advertising discourse. The results also showed that video tourism advertisements through digital platforms represent an effective tool in improving Iraq's tourism image, but enhancing their effectiveness requires diversifying promotional content and focusing more on highlighting the values of beauty and safety to attract international audiences.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tourism Advertising Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Platforms
  topic: keywords
subject: Role
  topic: keywords
creator: Asst. Prof. Dr. Rabab Karim Getan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-27
publication date: 2026-04-27
starting page: 3
ending page: 11
doi: 10.17605/

THE PLACE OF PHOTO MATERIALS IN INTERNET JOURNALISM
type: item
description: This scientific article analyzes the role of photographic materials in Internet journalism and their use. The importance of photography in the creation of media websites or any organization is considered. As a result, the role of digital platforms and their properties are considered. In Internet journalism, not only the essence of the messages is considered, but also the interpretation of photographic materials. As a result, the results of Internet journalism in the future and their impact are discussed. In general, this article is aimed at analyzing the role, significance and prospects of photographic materials in modern society in Internet journalism, and seeks to scientifically and theoretically substantiate a new stage of journalistic activity
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: photographic materials
  topic: keywords
subject: Internet journalism
  topic: keywords
subject: websites
  topic: keywords
subject: media
  topic: keywords
creator: Murtozayeva Nigora Murtoza qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-16
publication date: 2026-04-16
starting page: 1
ending page: 2
doi: 10.17605/

CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR THE USE OF CHILDREN IN ORGANIZED CRIME
type: item
description: Liability, in its most general sense, indicates to the innate disposition with which Allah Almighty has granted human beings to be capable of fulfilling the duties He has entrusted to them regarding matters related to their religion and worldly affairs; if they fulfill their obligations, they will receive reward, and if not, they will face punishment. The Republic of Iraq affirms its commitment to promoting and protecting children’s rights in order to improve the human rights situation in Iraq, particularly children’s rights, and especially the protection of children from child labor, begging, terrorism, and human trafficking. In this study, we have addressed all forms of child exploitation and the criminal liability arising therefrom
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Criminal liability
  topic: keywords
subject: Use of children
  topic: keywords
subject: Organized crime
  topic: keywords
creator: Asst. Lect. Jalila Ghazban Ouda
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-03-26
publication date: 2026-03-26
starting page: 10
ending page: 20
doi: 10.17605/

FINANCIAL SECTOR BUBBLES IN THE NIGERIAN EXCHANGE GROUP
type: item
description: This study investigated the existence of financial sectoral bubbles in the Nigeria Exchange Group using monthly data over the period 2008:M01 – 2023:M12. The study specifically examines the stock returns of four different NGX indices, namely NGX_ASEM, NGX Pension, NGX Banking, and NGX Insurance to detect the presence of bubbles. This is associated with the motivation to verify if any of these specified sectors are resilient within the Nigerian Exchange Group in relation to the contagion impact resulting from the Global Financial Crisis of 2007-2008, the bubble of 2012-2014, and April 2017 as specified by Central Bank of Nigeria. Data utilized in the study were sourced from the various issues of Central Bank of Nigeria, Nigeria Bureau of Statistics, and the Nigerian Exchange Group statistical bulletins. To analyse the data, the study employed the descriptive statistics and the generalized backwards supremum augmented Dickey-Fuller (BSADF) date-stamping techniques at the 95% confidence interval. The result of the study showed the presence of multiple bubbles in the various indices: NGX Pension, NGX Banking, NGX ASEM, and NGX insurance. The study concluded that that there is presence of multiple bubbles in all the selected sectors of the Nigerian Exchange Group. Among others, the study recommended that the Securities and Exchange Commission of Nigeria should strengthen its regulatory oversight responsibility. The enhancement of the authority of financial regulators to oversee and regulate speculative behaviours that have the potential to result in market bubbles. Enforcing more stringent restrictions and enhancing transparency might effectively mitigate the occurrence of excessive risk-taking.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Investments
  topic: keywords
subject: Meltdown
  topic: keywords
subject: Recession
  topic: keywords
creator: Daniel Dornubari Sunday
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-03-18
publication date: 2026-03-18
starting page: 1
ending page: 9
doi: 10.17605/

RELATIONSHIP MARKETING THEORY: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE CUSTOMER ENGAGEMENT
type: item
description: Relationship marketing theory, emphasizing trust, commitment, and customer loyalty, has transformed marketing by prioritizing long-term customer engagement over transactional exchanges. This paper critically analyzes relationship marketing’s theoretical foundations, applications, and limitations, with a focus on its relevance in Nigeria’s emerging market. Drawing on social exchange theory, service-dominant logic, and customer relationship management models, the study evaluates how relationship marketing enhances customer retention, brand equity, and satisfaction. Empirical evidence suggests that strategies like loyalty programs in Nigeria’s telecommunications sector increase retention by up to 5%, boosting profitability. In Lagos, firms leverage digital tools like WhatsApp to engage millennial consumers, but face challenges such as unreliable internet and data privacy concerns under Nigeria’s Data Protection Regulation 2019. The paper identifies limitations, including high implementation costs, overemphasis on long-term relationships, and cultural misalignment in Nigeria’s collectivist context. Through a critical literature review and contextual analysis, the study proposes strategies for sustainable relationship marketing, emphasizing localized approaches and ethical data practices. Findings highlight the need for hybrid digital-physical engagement models to address infrastructural deficits. The paper contributes to marketing scholarship by offering insights into adapting relationship marketing for emerging markets and recommends future research on integrating artificial intelligence to enhance personalization while ensuring ethical compliance
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Relationship Marketing
  topic: keywords
subject: Customer Loyalty
  topic: keywords
subject: Trust
  topic: keywords
creator: Gezere Tari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-11
publication date: 2026-02-11
starting page: 1
ending page: 7
doi: 10.17605/

GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT AND PERFORMANCE OF DOWNSTREAM OIL FIRMS IN RIVERS STATE
type: item
description: The aim of this study was to examine the nexus between green supply chain management and performance of downstream oil firms in Rivers State. A total of one hundred sixty-five (165) respondents in Rivers State were sampled upon which a descriptive design was adopted and simple regression statistical tool was employed to analysed the stated hypotheses. The study found that green procurement, eco-design and green logistics were green supply chain management initiatives that influenced environmental performance. Therefore, the researcher concluded that for green supply chain management initiatives to be successful, it must be ready to align with the environmental protection. Based on the findings, the study recommended that, managers and marketers in downstream oil firms should identify several capabilities, their relative significance, and the processes for realizing green supply chain management which when properly executed can improve environmental performance and environmental sustainability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Green Supply Chain Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Green Procurement
  topic: keywords
subject: Eco-Design
  topic: keywords
creator: Igwe, Peace
creator: Dike, Lawrence Bekwele
creator: Ogbonda, Chioma Gloria
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-12-18
publication date: 2024-12-18
starting page: 16
ending page: 27
doi: 10.17605/

ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE AND THE RESOURCE ALLOCATION– PERFORMANCE NEXUS IN CONSTRUCTIONS FIRMS IN RIVERS STATE
type: item
description: This study investigates the relationship between resource allocation strategy and project performance, with a focus on the moderating role of organisational culture in construction firms in Rivers State, Nigeria. The primary objective was to examine how effective resource allocation strategies influence project success and how organisational culture shapes the effectiveness of these strategies. A crosssectional research design was employed to collect data from 241 management staff across various construction firms in the region, using a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using moderated regression analysis to assess the relationships between resource allocation, organisational culture, and project performance. The findings revealed that resource allocation strategies significantly enhance project performance, particularly in terms of cost efficiency, timely delivery, and quality outcomes. Furthermore, organisational culture was found to significantly moderate this relationship, with a supportive and adaptive culture strengthening the positive impact of resource allocation on project success. Specifically, a culture that fosters collaboration and innovation amplified the benefits of effective resource management, while a misaligned or rigid culture diminished these effects. Based on these findings, the study recommends that construction firms adopt comprehensive resource allocation strategies that optimize the use of resources across projects, with a focus on integrating digital tools for real-time tracking and providing regular training to improve resource management practices. Additionally, it is recommended that firms work to cultivate a strong organisational culture that supports collaboration, innovation, and adaptability. This can be achieved by promoting open communication and organizing leadership development programs that emphasize flexibility and continuous learning. These actions will ensure improved project outcomes and enhance the overall s…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Resource allocation strategy
  topic: keywords
subject: Project performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Organisational culture
  topic: keywords
creator: OSHI, JOSEPH. E. O.
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-25
publication date: 2026-02-25
starting page: 1
ending page: 15
doi: 10.17605/

THEORETICAL VIEWS ON PHRASEMES AND THEIR PLACE IN THE LANGUAGE SYSTEM
type: item
description: In this article, the role of phraseological units in the language system, their sources of formation, semantic structure, and communicative functions are discussed. The relationship of phraseological expressions with national mentality, cultural values, and folk worldview is analyzed from linguisticpragmatic and linguo-cultural perspectives. In addition, the views of linguists on the nature of phraseological units are interpreted on the basis of theoretical approaches.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: phraseology
  topic: keywords
subject: phraseme
  topic: keywords
subject: language system
  topic: keywords
creator: Mavlonova Nargiza Alisherovna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-08
publication date: 2026-01-08
starting page: 1
ending page: 2
doi: 10.17605/

PALACE OF FLOWERS (1932-1958) HISTORICAL STUDY
type: item
description: Royal palaces receive great attention due to their significant presence in various fields, especially in the tourism sector. The palace is the heart of state administration, a center for receiving delegations, and a residence for the king and his family members. Therefore, countries in general have worked on maintaining their palaces, choosing the best locations for them, designing the best plans for their construction. One of the most important royal palaces is the Palace of Flowers, which was built in the 1930s to serve as a residence for the royal family in Iraq. Our study discusses the construction of this palace, the architectural style used in its construction, as well as the floors and contents of this palace.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: palace of flowers
  topic: keywords
subject: Architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: King Ghazi
  topic: keywords
creator: A.T. Kazem Waheed Neamah Al-Shuwaili
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-20
publication date: 2025-12-20
starting page: 7
ending page: 15
doi: 10.17605/

CLAUSE COMBINATION AND THE DERIVATION OF COMPLEX SENTENCES
type: item
description: The derivation of complex sentences occupies a central place in linguistic theory, as it reveals the mechanisms by which languages encode hierarchical relations between clauses and represent logical, temporal, and semantic connections between events. This article presents a comprehensive literature review of research on the derivation of complex sentences, synthesizing major theoretical approaches and empirical findings from structural, functional, cognitive, typological, and acquisitional perspectives. Particular attention is paid to transformational-generative accounts of clause embedding and movement, as well as to constraint-based, functional, and usage-based models that emphasize semantic relations and communicative functions. The review also considers cross-linguistic variation in derivational strategies, highlighting how different languages employ diverse morphological and syntactic means to form complex sentences. In addition, findings from first and second language acquisition studies are discussed to illustrate developmental and pedagogical dimensions of complex sentence derivation. By integrating insights from multiple frameworks, the article demonstrates that the derivation of complex sentences is a multifaceted phenomenon shaped by the interaction of syntactic structure, semantic interpretation, cognitive processing, and language use. The review concludes by identifying current gaps in research and suggesting directions for future studies, particularly in cross-linguistic and interface-based analyses
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Derivation of complex sentences
  topic: keywords
subject: complex sentence structure
  topic: keywords
subject: clause embeddin
  topic: keywords
creator: Xamrayeva Zebiniso Xaydar qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
starting page: 1
ending page: 3
doi: 10.17605/

THE CONSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS FOR THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE SUPREME FEDERAL COURT
type: item
description: The Supreme Federal Court is the highest judicial authority at the apex of the Iraqi judicial hierarchy. It is a court established under the Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period in 2004 and the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq of 2005, currently in effect. The constitution emphasizes providing constitutional guarantees for its independence to enable the court to fulfill its assigned duties effectively.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Supreme Federal Court
  topic: keywords
creator: Lecturer Dr. Omar Majid Ibrahim
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
starting page: 11
ending page: 24
doi: 10.17605/

THE CONSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS FOR THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE SUPREME FEDERAL COURT
type: item
description: The Supreme Federal Court is the highest judicial authority at the apex of the Iraqi judicial hierarchy. It is a court established under the Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period in 2004 and the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq of 2005, currently in effect. The constitution emphasizes providing constitutional guarantees for its independence to enable the court to fulfill its assigned duties effectively.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: fulfill
  topic: keywords
subject: Administration
  topic: keywords
subject: judicial
  topic: keywords
subject: apex
  topic: keywords
creator: Lecturer Dr. Omar Majid Ibrahim
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-09-20
publication date: 2025-09-20
starting page: 14
ending page: 24
doi: 10.17605/

THE USE OF DYNAMIC AND TYPOLOGICAL METHODS IN THE WORKS OF EDGAR ALLAN POE
type: item
description: This article explores the use of dynamic and typological methods in the psychological poetics of Edgar Allan Poe’s prose. The study focuses on how Poe represents the evolution of mental states through inner monologues, hallucinations, and dual consciousness. Based on analyses of “The Tell-Tale Heart,” “The Black Cat,” “William Wilson,” and “The Fall of the House of Usher,” the paper identifies and interprets four main psychological types – obsessive, dualistic, neurotic, and sadistic. Drawing on the theories of S.Freud, C.Jung, and E.Fromm, the article reveals the psychological depth of Poe’s characters and his mastery in dramatizing mental disintegration
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Edgar Allan Poe
  topic: keywords
subject: psychological poetics,
  topic: keywords
subject: dynamic method
  topic: keywords
creator: Sitora Komiljonovna Toshmamatova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-04
publication date: 2025-11-04
starting page: 1
ending page: 3
doi: 10.17605/

FE2O3-DOPED CDO NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION FOR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY
type: item
description: Fe(NO3)2 and Cd(NO3)2 were used as precursors in the eco-friendly method to prepare the iron-cadmium oxide (Fe2O3@ CdO) nanoparticles using apple leaves extract. First, combine the two salts in a weight ratio of 1:1. Next, dissolve 1.4 g of the salt mixture in 100 mL of deionized water. The calcination process for the Fe(OH)2-Cd(OH)2 nanoparticles at 550 oC produced Fe2O3@ CdO nanoparticles. XRD, FE-SEM, and TEM methods were used to characterize the nanoparticles. Fe2O3 @ CdO nanoparticles with an average size of 41.73 nm are confirmed to have formed by XRD. While TEM produced heterogonous morphologies, FE-SEM demonstrated that the Fe2O3 @ CdO nanoparticles will produce spherical morphology nanoparticles and significant agglomeration. Gram negative (Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila) and gram positive (Rhodococcus rhodochrous and Staphylococcus aureus) bacterial strains are evaluated against the produced Fe2O3 @ CdO nanoparticles. The antibacterial activity of the α-Fe2O3 @ CdO nanoparticles is seen to be good (zone of inhibition: E. coli-14 mm).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: apple leaves
  topic: keywords
subject: antibacterial activity
  topic: keywords
subject: chemical precipitate method
  topic: keywords
creator: Ali Ayoub Altimimi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-27
publication date: 2025-10-27
starting page: 10
ending page: 15
doi: 10.17605/

THE INFLUENCE OF THE 2022 WORLD CUP ON QATAR'S TOURISM INDUSTRY: REVIEW ARTICLE
type: item
description: The 2022 FIFA World Cup was held in Qatar, making it the first Arab country with a Muslim majority to host the event. This event provided Qatar with a oncein-a-lifetime chance to showcase its customs, culture, and attractions internationally. With an emphasis on visitor happiness, this study investigated how Qatar's tourism industry might be affected by the 2022 FIFA World Cup. 226 people who responded to the survey said they knew a lot about the incident. With a notable rise in inbound tourists, the World Cup greatly increased shortterm tourism. Due to their great experiences, several people who came especially for the event said they would like to come again. Long-term goals for Qatar include becoming a top sports tourism destination and drawing interest from global sports organizations for upcoming important events. This goal is highlighted by the impending AFC Asian Cup in early 2024. Even while Qatar's tourist industry is still lagging behind the UAE and other GCC nations with faster rates of growth, its consistent expansion suggests that it has considerable future potential. Despite obvious signs of Qatar's advantages and disadvantages as a travel destination, the results show a wide range of opinions about the country following the World Cup. The ramifications for Qatar's future tourism promotion are also covered in the report.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: 2022 FIFA World Cup
  topic: keywords
subject: Tourist Satisfaction
  topic: keywords
subject: Travel Industry
  topic: keywords
creator: Hayder Salih Hadi
creator: ALI yousif darjal
creator: Dr. Ali Abbood Awdaa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-28
publication date: 2025-10-28
starting page: 4
ending page: 9
doi: 10.17605/

LEGAL DUALITY IN ADDRESSING NUCLEAR WEAPONS POSSESSION
type: item
description: Global politics often reflect a glaring inconsistency in how nuclear weapons proliferation is addressed. While some nations are condemned, others are overlooked or even supported. This selective approach weakens the integrity of the global non-proliferation regime and heightens the risk of a renewed arms race. It also underscores the influence of major powers and deepens global instability. Without fair standards and a serious commitment to disarmament, nuclear proliferation will remain a grave threat to humanity. As this double standard stands among the most pressing challenges to international security, it must be confronted through a just and effective global framework that ensures comprehensive and equal treatment of the nuclear issue in all its dimensions
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nuclear Weapons
  topic: keywords
subject: Possession Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: International Confrontation
  topic: keywords
creator: Asst. Prof. Dr. Alyaa Taha Mahmood
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-20
publication date: 2025-10-20
starting page: 1
ending page: 3
doi: 10.17605/

CARRIER LIABILITY IN SUCCESSIVE CARRIAGE UNDER THE IRAQI TRANSPORT LAW
type: item
description: This study investigates successive carriage, a distinct legal and commercial form of international transport, arising from the absence or irregularity of direct transport routes. Under this system, multiple carriers perform consecutive stages of transport under a single document, with the first carrier fully liable to the consignor or passenger, including breaches in subsequent stages. The research examines the role of direct and indirect transport documents and the concept of recourse, allowing a carrier who has compensated an injured party to seek reimbursement from other carriers. It highlights carriers’ duties to inspect goods, document their condition, and collect freight, and critically analyzes maritime carrier liability under Iraqi Transport Law No. 80 of 1983, noting conflicts with the Civil Code and gaps in harmonization. The findings confirm that liability requires fault, damage, and a causal link, and underscore the need for a comprehensive Iraqi maritime code to ensure legal clarity, protect stakeholders, and align with international standards
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Successive Carriage
  topic: keywords
subject: Maritime Carrier Liability
  topic: keywords
subject: Recourse
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmed Amer Abdulameer
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-09-28
publication date: 2025-09-28
starting page: 3
ending page: 13
doi: 10.17605/

MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIOLINGUISTICS: BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE
type: item
description: This paper explores the intersection of sociolinguistics and materials development in ELT, stating that materials cannot be neutral but reflect sociocultural values, linguistic ideologies, and power relations. The article examines issues of linguistic diversity, learner identity, pragmatics, and critical pedagogy in material design with relevant examples from coursebooks and suggested classroom practices
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sociolinguistics
  topic: keywords
subject: materials development
  topic: keywords
subject: language variation
  topic: keywords
creator: Yerkebayeva Madina Davranbek qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-09-18
publication date: 2025-09-18
starting page: 1
ending page: 2
doi: 10.17605/

THE IMPACT OF RELIGIOUS DIFFERENCE ON PERSONAL STATUS MATTERS: A JURISPRUDENTIAL AND LEGAL STUDY
type: item
description: The difference in religion between spouses is considered one of the significant issues, especially in light of the growing interconnectedness of the world and the increasing desire among young people to travel and immigrate to other countries. This matter has garnered considerable attention in Islamic jurisprudence and various legal systems due to its implications for matters of personal status, such as marriage, divorce, custody, lineage, alimony, and inheritance. These legal and religious frameworks aim to establish specific regulations to govern relationships between individuals of different faiths in order to protect the family and society. Moreover, there is a pressing need to raise awareness among individuals regarding these legal and religious rules to reduce family disputes and avoid religious and legal complications—particularly considering that marriage is a bond that entails various consequences, including rights for women and children, which necessitate adequate protection.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Religious difference
  topic: keywords
subject: original religion
  topic: keywords
subject: acquired religion
  topic: keywords
creator: Asmaa Abd Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-06-26
publication date: 2025-06-26
starting page: 33
ending page: 45
doi: 10.17605/

JOB DESIGN AND EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION OF FOOD AND BEVERAGE FIRMS IN PORT HARCOURT RIVERS STATE OF NIGERIA
type: item
description: The study examined the relationship between job design and employee satisfaction of food and beverage firms in Port Harcourt Rivers State of Nigeria. Population comprised of 271 employees of food and beverage firms in Port Harcourt, while the sample size is 159 as an output of Krejcie and Morgan sample size determination Table. Accordingly, copies of the questionnaire were distributed and only 118 returned and certified valid for analysis. The Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation was used to analyze the data via the statistical package for social science (SPSS). It was found that; job design disposition positively influences venture employee satisfaction, survival, and performance, specifically, skill variety and task identity could positively determine the extent of affective satisfaction and cognitive satisfaction. It was therefore concluded that; Consider in multidimensionality skillfulness if the organization was to achieve large organizational goals with minimal and at a refund cost within their industry. Improve in their skill variety to enhance value and brand recognition broadening their distribution network without physically going far. Adopt task identity to enhance their flexibility and preparedness towards achieving a greater percentage of their target market. Build in their task identity to tap into existing business infrastructure for their new products and increase market share. Build capacity to intensely challenge competitors and reducing the risk of their investment. Boost their ability attack larger rivals, while acquiring some to enhance capital base beyond their industry
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Job Design
  topic: keywords
subject: Employee Satisfaction
  topic: keywords
subject: Skill variety
  topic: keywords
creator: Oloda, Oluwatayo Felix
creator: Laguo Livingstone Gilbert
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-01-23
publication date: 2025-01-23
starting page: 87
ending page: 94
doi: 10.17605/

PHONOSTYLISTIC STUDY OF BROADCASTER ABBAS HAMZA IN THE IRAQI PROGRAM AL-TAREEQ
type: item
description: This study examines the phonostylistic characteristics present in the speech of Iraqi broadcaster Abbas Hamza in the television program Al-Tareeq. Despite the growing body of research on phonetic aspects in English-language news delivery, there remains a significant gap concerning Arabic phonostylistics— particularly within Iraqi media. To date, no in-depth analysis has explored how Hamza’s vocal techniques contribute to the emotional depth and communicative strength of the program. This research seeks to answer key questions: How does Abbas Hamza employ phonostylistic features in his broadcasts? What are the dominant features used? In what ways do these elements enhance the rhetorical, persuasive, and emotional dimensions of his message? Furthermore, how do these vocal strategies shape his media persona? The primary objectives are to identify and analyze the phonostylistic features in Hamza’s speech, explore how intonation, pitch, rhythm, stress, and pauses fulfill various communicative functions in Al-Tareeq, and examine the interplay between vocal performance, identity construction, and message effectiveness within the context of Iraqi broadcasting. Adopting a qualitative approach, the study analyzes selected episodes of the program, focusing on recurring vocal patterns and stylistic strategies. The findings demonstrate that Hamza’s voice serves not only as a tool for information delivery but also as a performative medium that constructs his media identity and resonates with audiences on an emotional level. His style reflects a distinctive synthesis of classical Arabic oratorical traditions and modern broadcasting techniques.This study contributes to the emerging field of Arabic phonostylistics and offers valuable insights for linguists, media professionals, and speech trainers interested in the dynamic relationship between voice and communicative impact.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Phonostylistics
  topic: keywords
subject: Broadcast Speech
  topic: keywords
subject: Abbas Hamza
  topic: keywords
creator: Asst. Lec. Fatima Hussein Al-Zubaidy
creator: Assist. Lect. Duaa Fareed Hameed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-07-25
publication date: 2025-07-25
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.17605/

THE LEGAL PROVISIONS GOVERNING THE SUCCESSION OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
type: item
description: In practice, international organizations are subject to numerous changes that may lead to their dissolution and liquidation, the establishment of a new organization to replace them, their merger with another entity, the transfer of part of their functions to another organization, or their integration into a broader structure. These situations give rise to the phenomenon of succession between international organizations. However, international law has not established clear general rules or principles regarding the dissolution and succession of international organizations. Moreover, existing practices have not matured into customary rules concerning the legal basis for dissolution, decision-making procedures, the form of succession, or its legal consequences. As such, the succession of international organizations remains one of the most neglected areas in public international law. While international law has recognized international organizations as subjects of international legal personality alongside states, it has largely overlooked the legal issues surrounding their dissolution and succession. This neglect persists despite the fact that succession between international organizations raises critical questions related to the rights and obligations of the predecessor organization, its staff members, the treaties it has entered into, as well as its assets, liabilities, and other legal matters— issues that must be regulated under international law, given the legal status of such organizations. In light of the absence of specific legal rules governing these matters, this research seeks to deduce certain legal provisions related to the dissolution and succession of international organizations through an analytical reading of their charters, institutional decisions, and relevant international practices
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Organizations
  topic: keywords
subject: Succession
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Basis
  topic: keywords
creator: Assistant Lecturer Ghufran Alawi Abdullah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-07-15
publication date: 2025-07-15
starting page: 1
ending page: 14
doi: 10.17605/

FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEM AND CHANGE MANAGEMENT IN THE NIGERIAN BANKING INDUSTRY
type: item
description: This study investigates the impact of feedback control systems on change management processes—specifically planning, execution, and monitoring— within the Nigerian banking industry. Drawing on Feedback Control Theory, the research conceptualizes feedback systems as structured mechanisms for guiding organizational adaptation in dynamic environments. A quantitative, descriptive survey design was adopted, with data collected from 212 employees across selected Tier 1 and Tier 2 Nigerian commercial banks using a validated questionnaire. Descriptive results showed strong institutionalization of feedback mechanisms (M = 4.12, SD = 0.63), with similarly high scores in change management planning (M = 4.01), execution (M = 3.87), and monitoring (M = 3.94). Pearson correlation revealed significant positive relationships between feedback control systems and all three dimensions of change management: planning (r = 0.61), execution (r = 0.57), and monitoring (r = 0.64), all at p < 0.001. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that feedback control systems significantly predict planning (β = 0.61, R² = 0.37), execution (β = 0.57, R² = 0.33), and monitoring (β = 0.64, R² = 0.41). Structural Equation Modeling further confirmed strong model fit (CFI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.049), validating the theoretical model. These findings underscore the strategic role of feedback mechanisms in enhancing change outcomes in the banking sector. The study concludes that banks with robust feedback systems are more likely to achieve successful change implementation and continuous improvement. It recommends that managers institutionalize real-time, multi-directional feedback channels as a core component of organizational change infrastructure
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Change Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Execution
  topic: keywords
subject: Feedback Control Systems
  topic: keywords
creator: Laguo Livingstone GILBERT
creator: Lolo Teddy ADIAS
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-06-19
publication date: 2025-06-19
starting page: 25
ending page: 32
doi: 10.17605/

COMPARATIVE PHARMACODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF IVABRADINE IN PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE: STABLE ANGINA
type: item
description: According to WHO estimates, annual mortality from all cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is about 17 million people, with coronary artery disease (CAD) being the leading cause. In 2008, the total number of deaths from CAD worldwide reached 7.25 million, representing 12.8% of all deaths. In Russia, CAD accounts for 28% of outpatient and inpatient visits related to all CVDs. Among CAD risk factors, heart rate (HR) plays a significant role. An elevated HR contributes to myocardial ischemia and is a major predictor of CVD development, especially in men. The risk of death from CVD increases significantly when HR exceeds 84 bpm and decreases when HR falls below 60 bpm. First-line anti-ischemic drugs for CAD patients are beta-blockers. By reducing HR, prolonging diastole, and improving myocardial perfusion, beta-blockers reduce myocardial oxygen demand and help alleviate ischemia. In our study, patients were most commonly treated with bisoprolol (56.09% ±0.49) and metoprolol tartrate. However, beta-blockers have several side effects limiting their use in patients with comorbidities: worsening airway obstruction in asthma and COPD, reduced peripheral circulation, hypotension, and conduction disorders. Therefore, the development of a new drug class targeting the If-channels of the sinoatrial node presents a promising alternative for treating stable angina and heart failure. Ivabradine is the first representative of this class. It reduces HR without negatively impacting myocardial contractility, hemodynamics, or cardiac electrophysiological properties
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: electrophysiological
  topic: keywords
subject: metoprolol
  topic: keywords
subject: hemodynamics
  topic: keywords
creator: Tashtemirova I.M.
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-06-20
publication date: 2025-06-20
starting page: 22
ending page: 24
doi: 10.17605/

ANTI-BACTERIAL EFFECT OF MN:TIO2 THIN FILMS SYNTHESIS BY DIP-COATING SOL-GEL METHOD
type: item
description: Manganese-doped titanium dioxide (Mn-TiO2) has emerged as a promising material with enhanced antibacterial properties compared to pure titanium dioxide. This summary explores the key aspects of the antibacterial activity of Mn-doped titanium dioxide, counting the dip-coating sol-gel synthesis method, mechanisms of action, and factors affecting its efficacy. The structural tests (SIM and EFM) showed that there is a reduction in the particle size and an increase in the surface area with high homogeneity when the manganese concentration increases, as the particle size reaches 9 nanometres in the sample TM4. Visual examinations showed that there was a creep towards the visible region when the concentration of manganese increased, as the energy gap value reached 2.51 for the sample TM4. Bacterial inhibition tests showed that there is a significant inhibition upon irradiation with visible light. This is expected due to the increased surface area to volume for most samples. The best of them were selected for this application and tested for three time periods: 15, 30 and 60 minutes. This result is very important and unique, especially for medical applications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: morphology
  topic: keywords
subject: antibacterial
  topic: keywords
subject: dip-coating
  topic: keywords
creator: SuraY.Khalaf
creator: Falah H. Ali
creator: Yassamin Sadk Khalf
creator: Ali Sh. Maktoof
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 SuraY.Khalaf, Falah H. Ali, Yassamin Sadk Khalf, Ali Sh. Maktoof https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-06-15
publication date: 2025-06-15
starting page: 11
ending page: 17

IDEOLOGICAL AND MENTAL ORIENTATION OF MODERN UZBEK JOURNALISM
type: item
description: Journalistic priorities, like a living organism, are constantly changing, varying, transforming, and evolving, adapting to existing realities of life. Today, many political scientists and journalists evaluate such characteristics through the lens of ideology, believing that reinterpreting reality primarily applies to the media environment, which subsequently creates the need to develop new concepts and semantemes for describing the new ideology. This article is dedicated to revealing the inseparable connection between ideology and mentality in the context of modern Uzbek journalism.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ideology
  topic: keywords
subject: mentality
  topic: keywords
subject: political activity
  topic: keywords
creator: Mirzayeva Yelena Sadullaevna
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mirzayeva Yelena Sadullaevna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-06-15
publication date: 2025-06-15
starting page: 18
ending page: 21