European Scholar Journal

FREE TRADE ZONES AS CATALYSTS FOR INTERNATIONAL TRADE: A CASE STUDY OF THE CALABAR FREE TRADE ZONE

Udoh, Aniefiok Sunday — 2024-11-06

This study examines Free Trade Zones (FTZ) as trade enablers, focusing on the Calabar Free Trade Zone (CFTZ) in Nigeria. The objectives are to appraise the role of the CFTZ in supporting local and national economic development, identify the challenges limiting its contribution, and compare CFTZ with other FTZs in Nigeria. Comparative performance metrics include employment creation, attraction of investment, export growth, policy and regulatory constraints. The study combines qualitative studies of key policy documents, reports, and scholarly articles with quantitative data on key economic performance indicators, such as employment, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and export growth measures, to assess the CFTZ's impact. The data show positive indices on most counts. Infrastructure, bureaucratic errors, and policy inconsistencies limit CFTZ’s potential, from our findings. A comparative analysis of CFTZ's with other Nigerian FTZs shows that its lack of sectoral emphasis as a weakness. The recommendations called for focused infrastructure development, policy reform, and industry-specific approaches. The main takeaway for other FTZs is the importance of policy stability in zone design and implementation. Addressing these difficulties would ensure that the FTZs become true enablers of trade to enhance Nigeria's economic diversification drive.

STOCK LEVEL AND SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE OF CEMENT COMPANIES IN RIVERS STATE

Jekey, Lekue and Bazia — 2024-11-16

This study examined the relationship between stock level and measures of supply chain performance of Cement Companies in Rivers State. The study adopted an explanatory research design. The population of this study comprised four (4) cement companies in Rivers State. The study took a census form hence no need of sampling. Six (6) respondents were drawn from each of the cement companies making a total of twenty four (24) respondents to whom copies of a structured questionnaire was administered. The Spearman Ranking Correlation was the statistical tool used for data analyses, with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The study found that, there is a weak positive relationship between stock level and on-time delivery and strong positive relationship with customer’s satisfaction of cement companies in River State. Specifically, the results indicated that stock level inventory is a correlate of customer satisfaction and on-time delivery. It was thus, recommended that, Cement companies should maintain a balanced stock level to enhance efficient ontime delivery and customer satisfaction and ultimately effective supply chain performance. Cement companies should conduct regular stock taking audits of inventory levels to ensure they identify and rectify any discrepancies, minimize stock-outs or excess inventory, sufficient stock is available and enhance on-time delivery, customer satisfaction.

MECHANISMS OF ORGANIZING BANKING COMPETITION IN IRAQI AND COMPARATIVE LAW

Nour Iyad Hassan — 2024-11-16

Maintaining a proper competitive path requires the need to provide legal means and mechanisms that ensure this achievement, as the regulation of banking competition will not be limited to the need to follow the legal rules for its regulation, but that these mechanisms may find rooted even for the laws regulating banking and from reviewing the legal texts related to the regulation of competition, we find that legislators have adopted several mechanisms to achieve this, and where theThe purpose of these mechanisms that enable to meet the requirements of the aspirations of liberalization of banking services, which is the regulation of competition between banking institutions, and that these mechanisms include banking merger, the organization of the licensing authority, and the strengthening of the role of the Competition Affairs Council, in addition to that the regulation of these means came in light of the response to the legislative requirements required by the provisions of international agreements issued by the World Trade Organization, especially the General Agreement on the Liberalization of Trade in Services and its annexes (especially Annex I - Financial Services Annex) and from Continuing the research, we find that all the mechanisms and legal rules contained in the banking laws had absorbed the totality of the provisions contained in that agreement

THE ADMINISTRATION’S AUTHORITY TO MANDATE SPECIALIZATION IN THE CONSTITUTION

Jinan Abdul Razzaq Fattah — 2024-11-18

In modern administrative systems, the administrative mandate is considered of great importance in job development policies due to the advantages it achieves in the interest of the work, the employee and the development of the service provided by the public facility to which the employee belongs. This happens when the administrative heads mandate partial assignment of some specializations to one of the subordinate employees in the same functional facility. This aims at scoring many advantages such as: the officials are devoted to accomplish duties of higher importance, training subordinates to perform these new tasks and many other benefits that will be mentioned in this research. It’s worth mentioning that the permanent Iraqi 2005 constitution was keen to adopt the mandate system within the framework of the policy of distributing powers between the various state authorities and in more than one place. Thus, we’ll try in this research to shed light on what is related to the public job and the relationship of mandate with the development of public job.

CULTURAL LINGUISTIC UNITS IN ABDULLA QODIRIY'S "O'TKAN KUNLAR"

Ravshanova Mo’tabar — 2024-11-16

In this article, the relationship betveen language and culture, linguistic and cultural units, cultural codes are exspressed through proverbs and exspressions used in Abdulla Qadiri’s novel “Bygone Days”.

ANÁLISIS SEMÁNTICO-ESTRUCTURAL DE TÉRMINOS JURÍDICOS EN ESPAÑOL Y UZBEKI

Akhadova Sojida — 2024-11-16

El análisis semántico-estructural de términos jurídicos en español y uzbeko permite un examen comparativo del significado, estructura y uso de términos jurídicos en dos lenguas y regiones culturalmente diferentes. Este análisis tiene como objetivo comprender cómo se forman, interpretan y aplican los conceptos jurídicos en cada idioma, centrándose en los matices semánticos y las características estructurales de los términos dentro de ambos sistemas jurídicos. Al identificar similitudes y diferencias, el estudio proporciona información sobre las implicaciones de la traducción jurídica, los desafíos de lograr la equivalencia conceptual y el impacto de los factores socioculturales y lingüísticos en la comunicación jurídica. Este enfoque mejora la comprensión de los marcos legales multilingües, ayuda a traductores, juristas y profesionales a cerrar las brechas lingüísticas y promover una comunicación más clara entre jurisdicciones

INVESTIGATION OF HUMULEN'S BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY VIA VIRTUAL SCREENING METHODS

Dilshod A. Mansurov — 2024-11-16

This article analyzes humulene, a bioactive natural compound present in essential oils, by using virtual screening. The study utilizes virtual screening to explore possible therapeutic applications of humulene in an inexpensive and time-saving manner. This research will investigate the interaction between humulene and target biomolecules, including enzymes or receptors, in its efforts to find the molecular mechanisms responsible for its pharmacological properties. These findings constitute the basis for understanding humulene's anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties and, therefore, its therapeutic potential. The data obtained in this work will provide fundamental information for the development of new therapies for various diseases or conditions

EVALUATION OF SOME PROPERTIES OF SALINE SOIL AFTER APPLYING PLOWING, INTENSE IRRIGATION, FERTILIZATION, AND CULTIVATION WITH BARLEY )HORDEUM VULGARE L.)

Talib Eghap Hussien — 2024-11-29

The field experiment was conducted in a farmer’s field in Thi-Qar governorate during the winter season of 2020 and the fall season 2021. The study was conducted in silty clay soil with high salinity, aiming to reclaim the soil and for the purpose of reclaiming it and to study the effect of five treat investigate the effect of five treatments T1: heavy irrigation 6 times + zero tillage ; T2: heavy irrigation 6 times + deep plowing without fertilization; T3: heavy irrigation 6 times + deep plowing once with fertilization ; T4: heavy irrigation 6 times + deep cultivating twice without fertilizing ; and T5: heavy irrigation 6 times + deep plowing twice with fertilization to restore the salt affected soil. The experiment utilized a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and with three replicates to analyzed the experiment data. Significant differences were observed among the treatments for all studied traits. The result indicated that treatment (T5) effectively improved soil properties by reducing salinity values, sodium, and chlorine levels, thereby enhancing reclamation efficiency. This improvement was further evidenced by the growth of the barley crop compared to the other treatments.