The European Scholar Journal (ESJ) is an international, multidisciplinary, peer-reviewed open access journal committed to publishing high-quality research across diverse academic disciplines. Operating under a rigorous double-blind peer-review process, ESJ ensures the integrity, originality, and scholarly value of all published work. The journal is published online on a monthly basis, enabling timely dissemination of innovative research findings. ESJ aims to serve as a global platform for researchers, academicians, and professionals to exchange knowledge, promote interdisciplinary collaboration, and contribute to advancements in science, humanities, social sciences, and related fields. European Scholar Journal (ESJ) is edited in Las Palmas by ScholarZest. ISSN (E): 2660-5562 Journal Impact Factor: 10.335 SJIF : 8.061 ResearchBib: 11.75
USER-GENERATED CONTENT AND DELIVERY FLEXIBILITY OF NON-ALCOHOLIC FOOD AND BEVERAGE FIRMS IN RIVERS STATE
This study examined the relationship between user-generated content and delivery flexibility of non-alcoholic food and beverage firms in Rivers State. The specific objectives were to determine the relationship between relevance and delivery flexibility and to ascertain the relationship between indicative content and delivery flexibility. The study was anchored on the Resource-Based View (RBV) Theory, which posits that valuable organizational resources contribute to superior performance. A descriptive survey research design was adopted. The population comprised customers of eight selected non-alcoholic food and beverage firms in Rivers State, while a sample size of 384 respondents was determined using the Krejcie and Morgan (1970) sample size determination table. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation Coefficient with the aid of SPSS version 27. The findings revealed a strong positive and significant relationship between relevance and delivery flexibility (ρ = 0.795, p < 0.05). The study also found a very strong positive and significant relationship between indicative content and delivery flexibility (ρ = 0.872, p < 0.05). The study concluded that user-generated content significantly enhances delivery flexibility by providing firms with valuable customer insights and market signals that improve responsiveness to changing customer requirements. The study recommends that managers of non-alcoholic food and beverage firms should actively monitor and utilize relevant customer-generated content to improve delivery decisions and service responsiveness. Furthermore, firms should integrate indicative customer feedback into their logistics planning processes to enhance delivery flexibility and overall operational performance
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
MECHANISMS FOR ENHANCING GOOD GOVERNANCE IN THE WORK OF PROVINCIAL COUNCILS IN IRAQ AFTER 2005 COLLEGE OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF BAGHDAD
This study examines the mechanisms necessary to enhance good governance within the operations of provincial councils in Iraq following the 2005 democratic transition. Driven by the declining performance of local institutions and their inability to meet citizens' needs, the research investigates the theoretical framework, foundational elements, and core criteria of good governance. Employing systematic and legal methodologies, the paper analyzes the constitutional and legal organization of Iraqi governorates, focusing specifically on the 2005 Permanent Constitution and Law No. 21 of 2008 governing nonfederated governorates. The findings highlight significant obstacles to effective local administration, including constitutional ambiguities, a misalignment between provincial and federal authorities, persistent nepotism in appointments, and pervasive corruption. To activate good governance and overcome these challenges, the study recommends strengthening the rule of law, building institutional capacities based on merit, enforcing central administrative oversight, and fostering active citizen participation to ensure transparent, equitable, and accountable local governments
Assistant Lecturer Azal Abdullah Hammoud
THE MOTIVE BEHIND THE CRIME OF ELECTRONIC BLACKMAIL
Electronic blackmail is an emerging crime due to scientific advancements in technology and information systems, as well as the widespread use of the internet and social media. Criminals have exploited modern technological means to carry out their crimes by threatening victims with the publication of videos, images, or personal information or revealing a secret they are hiding from the public unless they comply with the criminal's demands. Many factors have contributed to the spread of this crime, including family disintegration, distance from God, economic factors, and the ease of hacking and misusingelectronic devices. Electronic blackmail is characterized by features that distinguish it from traditional threats, the most important of which is that it is carried out electronically, awayfrom physical violence. Therefore, the perpetrator must possess knowledge of technological tools and a degree of intelligence. Additionally, this transnational crime makes it difficult to identify the criminal, prove the crime, and prosecute the offender, thereby increasing its danger. The motive behind committing the crime of electronic blackmail differs according to the group it targets. It may be committed for financial gain, targeting businessmen and the wealthy, or it may be sexually motivated, where the victims are often women and minors. In other cases, it may be committed for revenge, where the victim is a competitor to the perpetrator in a profession or business. The crime may also be committed for personal gain or political motives. Regardless of the motive, the motive in electronic blackmail is always immoral, as the means to satisfy it is immoral, namely through threats. Despite the seriousness and importance of this crime, the Iraqi legislator has not addressed its provisions through a specific law. Instead, Iraqi courts apply the provisions of traditional threat crimes.
GENDER IN CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: STRUCTURAL INEQUALITY, FEMINIST CRITIQUE, AND THE POLITICS OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
This article examines the role of gender in contemporary international relations, focusing on the persistent structural inequalities that continue to shape women’s participation in global political, economic, and social processes. Despite the formal recognition of gender equality within international normative frameworks, including the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5, its practical implementation remains uneven across regions and institutional contexts. Grounded in feminist international relations theory, the study argues that global governance structures are still largely informed by patriarchal assumptions embedded in traditional understandings of power, security, and rationality. These assumptions contribute to the systematic underrepresentation of women in decision-making institutions and reinforce gendered hierarchies within international political and economic systems. The article further analyzes key dimensions of gender inequality, including political exclusion, economic disparities, unpaid care work, limited access to education and healthcare, and heightened vulnerability to gender-based violence and armed conflict. It demonstrates that these factors are structurally interconnected and collectively sustain gender asymmetries in global development outcomes.
TASHKENT ARCHITECTURE OF THE SHAYBANID ERA: THE CASE OF THE KUKALDOSH MADRASA
This article examines the historical significance, architectural structure, and past and present scholarly, educational, and touristic activities of the Kukaldosh Madrasa — one of the most outstanding examples of Shaybanid-era architecture, built in the city of Tashkent
EFFICIENCY OF WAVELET ANALYSIS FOR RESTORATION OF XRAY IMAGES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
The article examines the application of various wavelet transforms for X-ray image processing aimed at improving the quality of medical diagnostics. A comparative analysis using the MSE, PSNR, and SSIM metrics was performed to assess the quality of image restoration. The obtained results demonstrate the effectiveness of specific wavelet families in enhancing image visualization and increasing the accuracy of anomaly detection. The presented research contributes to the advancement of medical image processing methods intended for the optimization of diagnostic procedures.
STYLISTIC FUNCTIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LITERARY DIALOGUE
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the stylistic significance of dialogue in literary texts, as well as its communicative and cognitive functions and linguistic features. As an essential component of literary discourse, dialogue not only represents interaction between characters but also serves to reveal their inner world, psychological state, and socio-cultural characteristics. The study highlights the role of dialogue in enhancing expressiveness, creating a sense of realism, and ensuring the development of events within the narrative. Furthermore, the individual and typical features of dialogic speech are examined, along with its lexical, syntactic, and pragmatic aspects, supported by relevant examples. The article substantiates the role of literary dialogue as a distinctive stylistic device based on modern linguistic approaches
MANAGEMENT OF VIDEO ADVERTISING ACROSS DIGITAL PLATFORMS AND ITS ROLE IN IMPROVING THE TOURISM IMAGE OF IRAQ
This research aims to analyze the management of video tourism advertising through digital platforms, especially YouTube, and its role in improving Iraq's tourism image. The study starts from the problem of the existence of a rich cultural and tourism heritage in Iraq, which is countered by an unclear mental image among some international audiences as a result of previous political and media circumstances, which makes digital tourism advertising an important tool in representing Iraq as a tourist. The study adopted the content analysis approach for an intentional sample of (40) video tourism advertisements published on the YouTube platform during the period (2022-2025), with the aim of revealing the nature of tourism content, values and visual patterns used in these advertisements and the extent to which they contribute to building a positive tourism image. The results showed a clear reliance on high-quality imagery, aerial photography, and a focus on archaeological and cultural tourism, and the values of history and hospitality in advertising discourse. The results also showed that video tourism advertisements through digital platforms represent an effective tool in improving Iraq's tourism image, but enhancing their effectiveness requires diversifying promotional content and focusing more on highlighting the values of beauty and safety to attract international audiences.
THE PLACE OF PHOTO MATERIALS IN INTERNET JOURNALISM
This scientific article analyzes the role of photographic materials in Internet journalism and their use. The importance of photography in the creation of media websites or any organization is considered. As a result, the role of digital platforms and their properties are considered. In Internet journalism, not only the essence of the messages is considered, but also the interpretation of photographic materials. As a result, the results of Internet journalism in the future and their impact are discussed. In general, this article is aimed at analyzing the role, significance and prospects of photographic materials in modern society in Internet journalism, and seeks to scientifically and theoretically substantiate a new stage of journalistic activity
CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR THE USE OF CHILDREN IN ORGANIZED CRIME
Liability, in its most general sense, indicates to the innate disposition with which Allah Almighty has granted human beings to be capable of fulfilling the duties He has entrusted to them regarding matters related to their religion and worldly affairs; if they fulfill their obligations, they will receive reward, and if not, they will face punishment. The Republic of Iraq affirms its commitment to promoting and protecting children’s rights in order to improve the human rights situation in Iraq, particularly children’s rights, and especially the protection of children from child labor, begging, terrorism, and human trafficking. In this study, we have addressed all forms of child exploitation and the criminal liability arising therefrom
FINANCIAL SECTOR BUBBLES IN THE NIGERIAN EXCHANGE GROUP
This study investigated the existence of financial sectoral bubbles in the Nigeria Exchange Group using monthly data over the period 2008:M01 – 2023:M12. The study specifically examines the stock returns of four different NGX indices, namely NGX_ASEM, NGX Pension, NGX Banking, and NGX Insurance to detect the presence of bubbles. This is associated with the motivation to verify if any of these specified sectors are resilient within the Nigerian Exchange Group in relation to the contagion impact resulting from the Global Financial Crisis of 2007-2008, the bubble of 2012-2014, and April 2017 as specified by Central Bank of Nigeria. Data utilized in the study were sourced from the various issues of Central Bank of Nigeria, Nigeria Bureau of Statistics, and the Nigerian Exchange Group statistical bulletins. To analyse the data, the study employed the descriptive statistics and the generalized backwards supremum augmented Dickey-Fuller (BSADF) date-stamping techniques at the 95% confidence interval. The result of the study showed the presence of multiple bubbles in the various indices: NGX Pension, NGX Banking, NGX ASEM, and NGX insurance. The study concluded that that there is presence of multiple bubbles in all the selected sectors of the Nigerian Exchange Group. Among others, the study recommended that the Securities and Exchange Commission of Nigeria should strengthen its regulatory oversight responsibility. The enhancement of the authority of financial regulators to oversee and regulate speculative behaviours that have the potential to result in market bubbles. Enforcing more stringent restrictions and enhancing transparency might effectively mitigate the occurrence of excessive risk-taking.
RELATIONSHIP MARKETING THEORY: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE CUSTOMER ENGAGEMENT
Relationship marketing theory, emphasizing trust, commitment, and customer loyalty, has transformed marketing by prioritizing long-term customer engagement over transactional exchanges. This paper critically analyzes relationship marketing’s theoretical foundations, applications, and limitations, with a focus on its relevance in Nigeria’s emerging market. Drawing on social exchange theory, service-dominant logic, and customer relationship management models, the study evaluates how relationship marketing enhances customer retention, brand equity, and satisfaction. Empirical evidence suggests that strategies like loyalty programs in Nigeria’s telecommunications sector increase retention by up to 5%, boosting profitability. In Lagos, firms leverage digital tools like WhatsApp to engage millennial consumers, but face challenges such as unreliable internet and data privacy concerns under Nigeria’s Data Protection Regulation 2019. The paper identifies limitations, including high implementation costs, overemphasis on long-term relationships, and cultural misalignment in Nigeria’s collectivist context. Through a critical literature review and contextual analysis, the study proposes strategies for sustainable relationship marketing, emphasizing localized approaches and ethical data practices. Findings highlight the need for hybrid digital-physical engagement models to address infrastructural deficits. The paper contributes to marketing scholarship by offering insights into adapting relationship marketing for emerging markets and recommends future research on integrating artificial intelligence to enhance personalization while ensuring ethical compliance
GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT AND PERFORMANCE OF DOWNSTREAM OIL FIRMS IN RIVERS STATE
The aim of this study was to examine the nexus between green supply chain management and performance of downstream oil firms in Rivers State. A total of one hundred sixty-five (165) respondents in Rivers State were sampled upon which a descriptive design was adopted and simple regression statistical tool was employed to analysed the stated hypotheses. The study found that green procurement, eco-design and green logistics were green supply chain management initiatives that influenced environmental performance. Therefore, the researcher concluded that for green supply chain management initiatives to be successful, it must be ready to align with the environmental protection. Based on the findings, the study recommended that, managers and marketers in downstream oil firms should identify several capabilities, their relative significance, and the processes for realizing green supply chain management which when properly executed can improve environmental performance and environmental sustainability.
ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE AND THE RESOURCE ALLOCATION– PERFORMANCE NEXUS IN CONSTRUCTIONS FIRMS IN RIVERS STATE
This study investigates the relationship between resource allocation strategy and project performance, with a focus on the moderating role of organisational culture in construction firms in Rivers State, Nigeria. The primary objective was to examine how effective resource allocation strategies influence project success and how organisational culture shapes the effectiveness of these strategies. A crosssectional research design was employed to collect data from 241 management staff across various construction firms in the region, using a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using moderated regression analysis to assess the relationships between resource allocation, organisational culture, and project performance. The findings revealed that resource allocation strategies significantly enhance project performance, particularly in terms of cost efficiency, timely delivery, and quality outcomes. Furthermore, organisational culture was found to significantly moderate this relationship, with a supportive and adaptive culture strengthening the positive impact of resource allocation on project success. Specifically, a culture that fosters collaboration and innovation amplified the benefits of effective resource management, while a misaligned or rigid culture diminished these effects. Based on these findings, the study recommends that construction firms adopt comprehensive resource allocation strategies that optimize the use of resources across projects, with a focus on integrating digital tools for real-time tracking and providing regular training to improve resource management practices. Additionally, it is recommended that firms work to cultivate a strong organisational culture that supports collaboration, innovation, and adaptability. This can be achieved by promoting open communication and organizing leadership development programs that emphasize flexibility and continuous learning. These actions will ensure improved project outcomes and enhance the overall success of construction firms in Rivers State.
THEORETICAL VIEWS ON PHRASEMES AND THEIR PLACE IN THE LANGUAGE SYSTEM
In this article, the role of phraseological units in the language system, their sources of formation, semantic structure, and communicative functions are discussed. The relationship of phraseological expressions with national mentality, cultural values, and folk worldview is analyzed from linguisticpragmatic and linguo-cultural perspectives. In addition, the views of linguists on the nature of phraseological units are interpreted on the basis of theoretical approaches.
PALACE OF FLOWERS (1932-1958) HISTORICAL STUDY
Royal palaces receive great attention due to their significant presence in various fields, especially in the tourism sector. The palace is the heart of state administration, a center for receiving delegations, and a residence for the king and his family members. Therefore, countries in general have worked on maintaining their palaces, choosing the best locations for them, designing the best plans for their construction. One of the most important royal palaces is the Palace of Flowers, which was built in the 1930s to serve as a residence for the royal family in Iraq. Our study discusses the construction of this palace, the architectural style used in its construction, as well as the floors and contents of this palace.
CLAUSE COMBINATION AND THE DERIVATION OF COMPLEX SENTENCES
The derivation of complex sentences occupies a central place in linguistic theory, as it reveals the mechanisms by which languages encode hierarchical relations between clauses and represent logical, temporal, and semantic connections between events. This article presents a comprehensive literature review of research on the derivation of complex sentences, synthesizing major theoretical approaches and empirical findings from structural, functional, cognitive, typological, and acquisitional perspectives. Particular attention is paid to transformational-generative accounts of clause embedding and movement, as well as to constraint-based, functional, and usage-based models that emphasize semantic relations and communicative functions. The review also considers cross-linguistic variation in derivational strategies, highlighting how different languages employ diverse morphological and syntactic means to form complex sentences. In addition, findings from first and second language acquisition studies are discussed to illustrate developmental and pedagogical dimensions of complex sentence derivation. By integrating insights from multiple frameworks, the article demonstrates that the derivation of complex sentences is a multifaceted phenomenon shaped by the interaction of syntactic structure, semantic interpretation, cognitive processing, and language use. The review concludes by identifying current gaps in research and suggesting directions for future studies, particularly in cross-linguistic and interface-based analyses
THE CONSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS FOR THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE SUPREME FEDERAL COURT
The Supreme Federal Court is the highest judicial authority at the apex of the Iraqi judicial hierarchy. It is a court established under the Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period in 2004 and the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq of 2005, currently in effect. The constitution emphasizes providing constitutional guarantees for its independence to enable the court to fulfill its assigned duties effectively.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
THE USE OF DYNAMIC AND TYPOLOGICAL METHODS IN THE WORKS OF EDGAR ALLAN POE
This article explores the use of dynamic and typological methods in the psychological poetics of Edgar Allan Poe’s prose. The study focuses on how Poe represents the evolution of mental states through inner monologues, hallucinations, and dual consciousness. Based on analyses of “The Tell-Tale Heart,” “The Black Cat,” “William Wilson,” and “The Fall of the House of Usher,” the paper identifies and interprets four main psychological types – obsessive, dualistic, neurotic, and sadistic. Drawing on the theories of S.Freud, C.Jung, and E.Fromm, the article reveals the psychological depth of Poe’s characters and his mastery in dramatizing mental disintegration
FE2O3-DOPED CDO NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION FOR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY
Fe(NO3)2 and Cd(NO3)2 were used as precursors in the eco-friendly method to prepare the iron-cadmium oxide (Fe2O3@ CdO) nanoparticles using apple leaves extract. First, combine the two salts in a weight ratio of 1:1. Next, dissolve 1.4 g of the salt mixture in 100 mL of deionized water. The calcination process for the Fe(OH)2-Cd(OH)2 nanoparticles at 550 oC produced Fe2O3@ CdO nanoparticles. XRD, FE-SEM, and TEM methods were used to characterize the nanoparticles. Fe2O3 @ CdO nanoparticles with an average size of 41.73 nm are confirmed to have formed by XRD. While TEM produced heterogonous morphologies, FE-SEM demonstrated that the Fe2O3 @ CdO nanoparticles will produce spherical morphology nanoparticles and significant agglomeration. Gram negative (Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila) and gram positive (Rhodococcus rhodochrous and Staphylococcus aureus) bacterial strains are evaluated against the produced Fe2O3 @ CdO nanoparticles. The antibacterial activity of the α-Fe2O3 @ CdO nanoparticles is seen to be good (zone of inhibition: E. coli-14 mm).
THE INFLUENCE OF THE 2022 WORLD CUP ON QATAR'S TOURISM INDUSTRY: REVIEW ARTICLE
The 2022 FIFA World Cup was held in Qatar, making it the first Arab country with a Muslim majority to host the event. This event provided Qatar with a oncein-a-lifetime chance to showcase its customs, culture, and attractions internationally. With an emphasis on visitor happiness, this study investigated how Qatar's tourism industry might be affected by the 2022 FIFA World Cup. 226 people who responded to the survey said they knew a lot about the incident. With a notable rise in inbound tourists, the World Cup greatly increased shortterm tourism. Due to their great experiences, several people who came especially for the event said they would like to come again. Long-term goals for Qatar include becoming a top sports tourism destination and drawing interest from global sports organizations for upcoming important events. This goal is highlighted by the impending AFC Asian Cup in early 2024. Even while Qatar's tourist industry is still lagging behind the UAE and other GCC nations with faster rates of growth, its consistent expansion suggests that it has considerable future potential. Despite obvious signs of Qatar's advantages and disadvantages as a travel destination, the results show a wide range of opinions about the country following the World Cup. The ramifications for Qatar's future tourism promotion are also covered in the report.
LEGAL DUALITY IN ADDRESSING NUCLEAR WEAPONS POSSESSION
Global politics often reflect a glaring inconsistency in how nuclear weapons proliferation is addressed. While some nations are condemned, others are overlooked or even supported. This selective approach weakens the integrity of the global non-proliferation regime and heightens the risk of a renewed arms race. It also underscores the influence of major powers and deepens global instability. Without fair standards and a serious commitment to disarmament, nuclear proliferation will remain a grave threat to humanity. As this double standard stands among the most pressing challenges to international security, it must be confronted through a just and effective global framework that ensures comprehensive and equal treatment of the nuclear issue in all its dimensions
CARRIER LIABILITY IN SUCCESSIVE CARRIAGE UNDER THE IRAQI TRANSPORT LAW
This study investigates successive carriage, a distinct legal and commercial form of international transport, arising from the absence or irregularity of direct transport routes. Under this system, multiple carriers perform consecutive stages of transport under a single document, with the first carrier fully liable to the consignor or passenger, including breaches in subsequent stages. The research examines the role of direct and indirect transport documents and the concept of recourse, allowing a carrier who has compensated an injured party to seek reimbursement from other carriers. It highlights carriers’ duties to inspect goods, document their condition, and collect freight, and critically analyzes maritime carrier liability under Iraqi Transport Law No. 80 of 1983, noting conflicts with the Civil Code and gaps in harmonization. The findings confirm that liability requires fault, damage, and a causal link, and underscore the need for a comprehensive Iraqi maritime code to ensure legal clarity, protect stakeholders, and align with international standards
MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIOLINGUISTICS: BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE
This paper explores the intersection of sociolinguistics and materials development in ELT, stating that materials cannot be neutral but reflect sociocultural values, linguistic ideologies, and power relations. The article examines issues of linguistic diversity, learner identity, pragmatics, and critical pedagogy in material design with relevant examples from coursebooks and suggested classroom practices
THE IMPACT OF RELIGIOUS DIFFERENCE ON PERSONAL STATUS MATTERS: A JURISPRUDENTIAL AND LEGAL STUDY
The difference in religion between spouses is considered one of the significant issues, especially in light of the growing interconnectedness of the world and the increasing desire among young people to travel and immigrate to other countries. This matter has garnered considerable attention in Islamic jurisprudence and various legal systems due to its implications for matters of personal status, such as marriage, divorce, custody, lineage, alimony, and inheritance. These legal and religious frameworks aim to establish specific regulations to govern relationships between individuals of different faiths in order to protect the family and society. Moreover, there is a pressing need to raise awareness among individuals regarding these legal and religious rules to reduce family disputes and avoid religious and legal complications—particularly considering that marriage is a bond that entails various consequences, including rights for women and children, which necessitate adequate protection.
JOB DESIGN AND EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION OF FOOD AND BEVERAGE FIRMS IN PORT HARCOURT RIVERS STATE OF NIGERIA
The study examined the relationship between job design and employee satisfaction of food and beverage firms in Port Harcourt Rivers State of Nigeria. Population comprised of 271 employees of food and beverage firms in Port Harcourt, while the sample size is 159 as an output of Krejcie and Morgan sample size determination Table. Accordingly, copies of the questionnaire were distributed and only 118 returned and certified valid for analysis. The Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation was used to analyze the data via the statistical package for social science (SPSS). It was found that; job design disposition positively influences venture employee satisfaction, survival, and performance, specifically, skill variety and task identity could positively determine the extent of affective satisfaction and cognitive satisfaction. It was therefore concluded that; Consider in multidimensionality skillfulness if the organization was to achieve large organizational goals with minimal and at a refund cost within their industry. Improve in their skill variety to enhance value and brand recognition broadening their distribution network without physically going far. Adopt task identity to enhance their flexibility and preparedness towards achieving a greater percentage of their target market. Build in their task identity to tap into existing business infrastructure for their new products and increase market share. Build capacity to intensely challenge competitors and reducing the risk of their investment. Boost their ability attack larger rivals, while acquiring some to enhance capital base beyond their industry
PHONOSTYLISTIC STUDY OF BROADCASTER ABBAS HAMZA IN THE IRAQI PROGRAM AL-TAREEQ
This study examines the phonostylistic characteristics present in the speech of Iraqi broadcaster Abbas Hamza in the television program Al-Tareeq. Despite the growing body of research on phonetic aspects in English-language news delivery, there remains a significant gap concerning Arabic phonostylistics— particularly within Iraqi media. To date, no in-depth analysis has explored how Hamza’s vocal techniques contribute to the emotional depth and communicative strength of the program. This research seeks to answer key questions: How does Abbas Hamza employ phonostylistic features in his broadcasts? What are the dominant features used? In what ways do these elements enhance the rhetorical, persuasive, and emotional dimensions of his message? Furthermore, how do these vocal strategies shape his media persona? The primary objectives are to identify and analyze the phonostylistic features in Hamza’s speech, explore how intonation, pitch, rhythm, stress, and pauses fulfill various communicative functions in Al-Tareeq, and examine the interplay between vocal performance, identity construction, and message effectiveness within the context of Iraqi broadcasting. Adopting a qualitative approach, the study analyzes selected episodes of the program, focusing on recurring vocal patterns and stylistic strategies. The findings demonstrate that Hamza’s voice serves not only as a tool for information delivery but also as a performative medium that constructs his media identity and resonates with audiences on an emotional level. His style reflects a distinctive synthesis of classical Arabic oratorical traditions and modern broadcasting techniques.This study contributes to the emerging field of Arabic phonostylistics and offers valuable insights for linguists, media professionals, and speech trainers interested in the dynamic relationship between voice and communicative impact.
THE LEGAL PROVISIONS GOVERNING THE SUCCESSION OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
In practice, international organizations are subject to numerous changes that may lead to their dissolution and liquidation, the establishment of a new organization to replace them, their merger with another entity, the transfer of part of their functions to another organization, or their integration into a broader structure. These situations give rise to the phenomenon of succession between international organizations. However, international law has not established clear general rules or principles regarding the dissolution and succession of international organizations. Moreover, existing practices have not matured into customary rules concerning the legal basis for dissolution, decision-making procedures, the form of succession, or its legal consequences. As such, the succession of international organizations remains one of the most neglected areas in public international law. While international law has recognized international organizations as subjects of international legal personality alongside states, it has largely overlooked the legal issues surrounding their dissolution and succession. This neglect persists despite the fact that succession between international organizations raises critical questions related to the rights and obligations of the predecessor organization, its staff members, the treaties it has entered into, as well as its assets, liabilities, and other legal matters— issues that must be regulated under international law, given the legal status of such organizations. In light of the absence of specific legal rules governing these matters, this research seeks to deduce certain legal provisions related to the dissolution and succession of international organizations through an analytical reading of their charters, institutional decisions, and relevant international practices
Assistant Lecturer Ghufran Alawi Abdullah