MONKEYPOX A NEW PANDEMIC DISEASE: IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE AND PUBLIC HEALTH EDUCATION. A REVIEW
Keywords:
monkeypox virus, pandemic diseases, Public Health Education, reviewAbstract
The monkeypox virus, which is a member of the orthopoxy virus family, can lead to a number of consequences, including sepsis, encephalitis, keratitis, bronchopneumonia, and superimposed infections. It can also produce fever, lethargy, headaches, lymphadenopathy, myalgia, and rashes. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported two occurrences of monkeypox in the United Kingdom in May 2022, but did not have a complete understanding of the epidemiological connections or the possibility of regional or international transmission of this illness. New instances have been reported in various parts of the world during the past few weeks, prompting worries about the state of the global health crisis and alertness regarding the behavior of novel viral strains. 2103 laboratory cases reported and one probable incidence, which also included one death, had been recorded to WHO as of June 15th. This article's goal was to review the literature in order to get greater knowledge about the illness, which would aid in clinical practice and public health education.
References
World Health Organization (WHO), Monkeypox (accessed June 7, 2022).
Kimball, S (2022) World Health Organization confirms 92 cases of monkeypox with outbreaks in 12 countries Published Fri, May 20 20224:44 Pm EDT updated Sat, May 21 20226:41 Pm EDT.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Epidemiological update: Monkeypox multi-country outbreak 25 May 2022
M. Moore, F. Zahra, Monkeypox, StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.
gov/books/NBK574519/, 2022. (Accessed 7 June 2022).
A.M. Sahito, A. Saleem, S.O. Javed, M. Farooq, I. Ullah, M.M. Hasan, Polio amidst COVID-19 in Pakistan: ongoing efforts, challenges, and recommendations, Int. J. Health Plann. Manag. (2022).
A. Yousaf, F.M.A. Khan, M.M. Hasan, I. Ullah, M. Bardhan, Dengue, measles, and COVID-19: a threefold challenge to public health security in Pakistan, Ethics, Med. Public Heal. 19 (2021), 100704.
Nalca A, Rimoin AW, Bavari S, Whitehouse CA. Reemergence of monkeypox: prevalence, diagnostics, and countermeasures. Clin Infect Dis2005;41:1765.
Centers for disease control and prevention(CDC). Human monkeypox-Kasai Oriental, Democratic Republic of congo,1996-1997. MMWR morb mortal wkly rep 1997; 46:1168.
WHO. Technical Advisory Group on Human Monkeypox. Report of a WHO meeting. Geneva, Switzerland, 11-12 January 1999.
Max Kozlov Monkeypox goes global: why scientists are on alert, NEWS 20 May 2022
Marlyn Moore; Farah Zahra. Monkeypox National Library of Medicine Last Update: May 22, 2022.
Monkeypox cases confirmed in England – latest updates. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/monkeypox-cases-confirmed-in-england-latest-updates
World Health Organization. Multi-country monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries. h ttps://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON385 (Accessed on May 23, 2022).
Huhn GD, Bauer AM, Yorita K, etal. Clinical charachteristics of human monkeypox, and risk factors for sever disease. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41: 1742.
Reynolds MG, Yorita KL, Kuehnert MJ, etal. Clinical manifestations of human monkeypox influenced by route of infection. J Infect Dis 2006; 194: 773.
National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Monkeypox Frequently Asked Questions, 24 May, 2022
Rodney E. Rohde What is monkeypox? A microbiologist explains what’s known about this smallpox cousin The Conversation Africa, Inc. Published: May 20, 2022.
United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Potential exposure to person with confirmed human monkeypox infection — United States, 2021 https://emergency.cdc.gov/h health authorities. (See 'Smallpox immunization' above and 'Postexposure prophylaxis' above.) an/2021/han00446.asp (Accessed on July 21, 2021).
Hutin YJ, Williams RJ, Malfait P, et al. Outbreak of human monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996 to 1997. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:434.
World Health Organization. Multi-country monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries. h ttps://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON385 (Accessed on May 23, 2022).
Vaughan A, Aarons E, Astbury J, et al. Human-to-human transmission of monkeypox virus, United Kingdom, October 2018. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(4).
Marlyn Moore; Farah Zahra. Monkeypox National Library of Medicine Last Update: May 22, 2022.
WHO Monkeypox 20 May 2022 | Q&A update, retrieved, June 15, 2022 .
Huhn GD, Bauer AM, Yorita K, et al. Clinical characteristics of human monkeypox, and risk factors for severe disease. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41:1742.
Sejvar JJ, Chowdary Y, Schomogyi M, et al. Human monkeypox infection: a family cluster in the midwestern United States. J Infect Dis. 2004;190 (10):1833-1840. doi:10.1086/425039PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Monkeypox in multiple countries. Accessed June 9, 2022. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/monkeypox.
Olson VA, Laue T, Laker MT, et al. Real-time PCR system for detection of orthopoxviruses and simultaneous identification of smallpox virus. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:1940.
Bayer-Garner IB. Monkeypox virus: histologic, immunohistochemical and electronmicroscopic findings. J Cutan Pathol 2005; 32:28.
Karem KL, Reynolds M, Braden Z, et al. characterization of acute-phase humoral immunity to monkeypox: use of immunoglobulin M enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of monkeypox infection during the 2003 North American outbreak. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005; 12:867.
Nuwan Gunawardhana, and Kirsten Nunez All About Monkeypox Healthline Medically reviewed by on April 19, 2022.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim clinical guidance for the treatment of monkeypox. Accessed June 9, 2022.
United States Centers for Diseae Control and Prevention. Interim clinical guidance for the tr eatment of monkeypox. https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/treatment.html (Accesse d on May 27, 2022).
Donyai, P. Monkeypox: We Have Vaccines and Drugs to Treat It, The Conversation Africa, Inc. Published: May 26, 2022 12.10pm SAST.
Hammarlund E, Lewis MW, Carter SV, et al. Multiple diagnostic techniques identify previously vaccinated individuals with protective immunity against monkeypox. Nat Med 2005; 11:1005.
US Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves first live, non-replicating vaccine to prevent smallpox and monkeypox. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-app roves-first-live-non-replicating-vaccine-prevent-smallpox-and-monkeypox (Accessed on Octo ber 23, 2019).
United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Orthopoxvirus vaccine guidance f or persons at risk for occupational Exposure. https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/occupational-ex posures/orthopoxvirus-vaccine-guidance.html (Accessed on June 02, 2022).
Max Kozlov Monkeypox Goes Global: Why Scientists Are On Alert, NEWS 20 May 2022.
Monkeypox Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 06/17/2022
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
