European Journal of Research Development and Sustainability
The European Journal of Research Development and Sustainability (EJRDS) is a multidisciplinary, peer-reviewed, open access journal dedicated to publishing high-quality research that promotes innovation, development, and sustainable practices across various fields. The journal provides an international platform for researchers, academicians, and professionals to share impactful findings that contribute to economic growth, environmental protection, and social well-being. Published online on a monthly basis, EJRDS ensures the timely dissemination of scholarly work while maintaining rigorous peer-review standards. The journal emphasizes research that supports sustainable development goals and addresses contemporary global challenges. ISSN (E): 2660-5570 Journal Impact Factor: 10.550 SJIF : 8.349 ResearchBib: 11.90
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON THE MENTAL HEALTH OF STUDENTS: COGNITIVE RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR SELF-REGULATION
This article analyzes the psychological impact of artificial intelligence technologies on the mental health of young students. The study highlights cognitive risks, including cognitive dependence, decreased attention, impaired critical thinking, and information overload. It also examines the psychological stress and anxiety that arise during the use of artificial intelligence. The article scientifically substantiates the possibilities of reducing these risks by developing students' self-regulation skills. The results of the study indicate the need for rational use of digital technologies in modern education
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BANKING SYSTEM IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
This article examines the formation, evolution, and prospects for the development of the banking system in the Republic of Uzbekistan from the moment of independence in 1991 to the present day. The study identifies three key stages of development: the establishment of a national banking system (1991–2003), the period of consolidation and structural adjustment (2003– 2017), and the era of liberal reforms and digitalization (2017–present). The article analyzes the legislative framework, institutional transformations, and macroeconomic factors that have shaped the current structure of the banking sector. Particular attention is paid to the privatization of state-owned banks, the expansion of financial inclusion, and the integration of digital technologies into banking services. The author identifies the principal challenges confronting the sector, including the continued dominance of state capital, insufficient development of rural banking infrastructure, and low levels of financial literacy among the population. Based on the findings, strategic recommendations are proposed for the further modernization of Uzbekistan's banking system in accordance with international standards.
MEDICINAL PLANTS INTRODUCED IN SALINE SOILS
The article presents an analysis of data on plant growth during the period of adaptation of saline soils, conducted research in the field of introduction. Also, the characteristics of seed germination of chemically composed plants, seedling germination, growth, development and reproduction of medicinal plants selected as salt-tolerant plants - Glycyrrhiza glabra, Mentha piperita, Rubia tinctorum are described
THE ROLE OF THE METAVERSE IN MANAGING THE QUALITY OF EDUCATIONAL SERVICES
The main objective of this research paper is to examine the role of the Metaverse in managing the quality of educational services. The descriptiveanalytical method is utilized in this research paper. The population of the research includes 881 university teachers who belong to universities in the southern region of Jordan. A total sample size of 385 participants is chosen. The obtained results show that the role of the Metaverse in managing the quality of educational services was seen to be high in all the dimensions of the Metaverse, such as the interactive educational dimension, the technological and innovative dimension, and quality of educational services and satisfaction. The results further demonstrate that there exist no statistically significant differences between the means in relation to the role of the Metaverse and its dimensions in managing the quality of educational services according to the gender variable. Statistically significant differences were, however, found between the means of Metaverse dimensions in accordance with the knowledge of Metaverse technology, with those in the good category having higher means than those in the poor, moderate, and excellent categories
A COMPOSITE POLLUTION INDEX (CPI) FOR INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT IN THE ARAL SEA REGION: METHODOLOGY AND DISTRICT-LEVEL APPLICATION TO KARAKALPAKSTAN AND KHOREZM, UZBEKISTAN (2010–2025)
The desiccation of the Aral Sea has produced one of the most severe anthropogenic environmental catastrophes of the modern era, exposing populations of Karakalpakstan and Khorezm (Uzbekistan) to combined air, water and soil pollution. Existing assessments rely on single-medium indices that obscure the cumulative ecological burden. Objective. To develop and validate a district-level Composite Pollution Index (CPI) integrating atmospheric, hydrospheric and pedospheric pollution into a single, policy-relevant metric. Methods. CPI was constructed as the unweighted mean of three normalised sub-indices: US EPA AQI for PM2.5/PM10, CCME WQI, and a Håkanson–Müller soil quality index. It was applied to 25 administrative units of Karakalpakstan and Khorezm using monitoring data for 2010–2025. Results. CPI ranged from 0.31 to 0.64. Moynak was the sole 'critical' district (CPI = 0.64). Regional mean CPI rose by 15.8 % between 2010 and 2025, with post-2017 acceleration. CPI correlated with five major disease groups at r_s = 0.70–0.82. Conclusions. The CPI is parsimonious, district-resolved and suitable for routine environmentalhealth surveillance and policy targeting in arid degraded basins
HERBAL BIOLOGIC TREATMENT VARIETIES AND APPROACHES WITH THE SPECIFIC INCLINE OF BIOLOGICAL IMPACTS IN DEALING WITH THERAPEUTIC EFECTS OF PATIENTS WITH THE AQUIRED RESPONSES TOWARDS NUMEROUS NUMBER OF BREATH-RELATED OR RESPIRATORY DISEASES
Biology as a science is interrelated with another sciences or disciplines, however this very article goes deeper and examines how the biological patterns can directly influence the medicinal issues, due to the fact biology deeply analyses natural possibilities to adjust to the matter of treatments, due to the facts related with the science to get to the correlation of the treatment possibilities of various patients by the biological ways i.e. through the herbal sources; which definitely bring a major devastatingly perfect effects on people’s health and their well-being. Biology here stands as the main founder and exchanger and also a correlator, which can definitely cause positive changes in making people’s health stronger
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ECO-FRIENDLY TEXTILE COATINGS USING ZNO NANOPARTICLES, POLYVINYL ALCOHOL, AND AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE
Textile plays an important role in the economy of this world. Goods such as functional and intelligent textiles, in particular, garments with built-in multifunctional features such as flame resistance are needed to improve living conditions. ICSS 2018 Textile materials used in everyday life, hospitals and factories represent potential fire hazards due to the ignition of textile fabrics or combustion. As a result, textile manufacturers are focusing on the development of application specific textile finishes and coating to desserts for needs of consumers globally. Various natural and artificial textile fibre which includes cotton, polyester, woollon, jute etc. are susceptible to catching hearthplace and burning This work describes the development of flame-retardant textiles. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) at 2 and 4 (wt%) were incorporated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and ammonium phosphate (APP) was applied flame retardant. The textile coating was applied via the Dip-Pad technique. Flame retardancy assessment data suggest that when flame retardant agents are introduced, the burning rate of the coated textile decreases and that the effect is dose-dependent with respect to ZnO NPs contents. There is no sign of cracks on the surface of the textile as observed in scanning electron microscope imaging, and an adhesion between coating and fibers with a clear interfacial layer.
CONTINUOUS PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AS A MECHANISM FOR DEVELOPING THE PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF DEPUTY DIRECTORS FOR ACADEMIC AFFAIRS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
The quality of secondary education is closely related not only to the professional competence of teachers but also to the managerial, pedagogical, analytical, and leadership competence of school administrators. Among them, deputy directors for academic affairs hold a particularly important position because they coordinate the teaching-learning process, monitor curriculum implementation, support teachers methodologically, analyze educational outcomes, and participate in school improvement. In the context of educational reforms, their role is gradually shifting from routine administrative control to instructional leadership and evidence-based management. Therefore, continuous professional development may serve as an effective mechanism for developing their professional competence. This article examines the role of continuous professional development in improving the professional competence of deputy directors for academic affairs in secondary schools. The study is based on theoretical analysis, comparative review, and synthesis of competence-based, instructional leadership, and professional learning approaches. The article proposes a CPD model consisting of needs assessment, individual development planning, modular training, mentoring, school-based practice, monitoring, feedback, and reflective portfolio development. The findings suggest that CPD for deputy directors should be systematic, practice-oriented, collaborative, digitally supported, and connected with real school improvement tasks.
DEVELOPING ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS THROUGH ONLINE EDUCATIONAL PLATFORMS
This article discusses the importance of developing English language skills through online educational platforms. Today, modern technologies and digital resources play a significant role in improving students’ language competence. Online platforms provide learners with opportunities to enhance listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills independently and effectively. The article also analyzes the advantages, challenges, and practical impact of online learning in English language education.
GEOMORPHOLOGY OF SAND DUNES AND THEIR IMPACT ON HUMAN ACTIVITY IN NASIRIYAH GOVERNORATE
Geomorphological processes prevalent in arid and semi-arid regions are detrimental as they lead to ecosystem degradation. Therefore, geomorphological studies are crucial for development projects, as they assess available resources and propose appropriate methods to combat the degradation of existing natural environmental resources. This research aims to study the geomorphology of sand dunes and their impact on human activity in Nasiriyah Governorate. Sand dunes are a widespread feature in the study area and are geomorphological formations resulting from natural and climatic conditions related to wind erosion. Given the impact of this phenomenon on human activity, the research hypothesized that natural factors play a significant role in influencing the dunes. The Nasiriyah station was used to monitor the impact of climatic elements that influence this phenomenon. The research findings revealed that sand dunes have a significant impact on human activity in the study area. This impact encompassed numerous aspects, including agricultural lands, residential areas, transportation, tourist and archaeological sites, air quality, and public health . This study comprised four sections. The first section presented the theoretical framework, the concept of sand dunes, their formation, and the factors influencing them. The second section addressed the natural characteristics of the study area. The third section examined the different types of sand dunes. The fourth section explored the impact of sand dunes and strategies for mitigating their risks. The research concluded with a set of findings and recommendations .
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN FORENSIC MEDICINE:A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FT-IR, GC-MS, AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
This paper discusses how qualitative methods of analysis have played a critical role in the development of forensic evidence science. The study will offer a comparative study of three of the most vital modern technologies: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and Raman Spectroscopy. The paper will explore the physicochemical principles of each method, their ability to detect unknown substances such as narcotics, toxins, and explosive residues, and their strengths and weaknesses in comparison with each other regarding speed, sensitivity, and non-destructive analysis. Results show that integrative multi-technique method can severely decrease the error rates in analysis and increase the credibility of forensic evidence in a court. The research finds that no technique has been found to be universally better and that cross-validation between the techniques is necessary to achieve internationally accredited forensic quality standards
CULTURAL TOURISM AS A TOOL OF PUBLIC DIPLOMACY IN IRAQ AFTER 2003-A STUDY IN POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY
This study investigates the contribution of cultural tourism in Iraq as a tool of public diplomacy in the post-2003 era, paying particular attention to its ability to improve Iraq's image and increase the country's soft power in the international arena. In this study, a descriptive and analytical approach was used with a survey among visitors to find out the effect of cultural and religious tourism in creating positive perceptions and mutual understanding among people, besides discovering the main problems facing this industry . It can be concluded from the results of this study that the political and geographical importance of cultural tourism in Iraq since 2003 has played a very important role in the development of public diplomacy and building a positive national image. According to the survey results, 54.7% of the participants believe that cultural tourism is influential in improving Iraq's image. Also, there is a very solid base of cultural tourism in archaeology and Islamic areas (agreement 85-87%). The geographic distribution of cultural heritage in Iraq is in the middle, south, and north of Iraq. Nevertheless, despite the importance of cultural heritage in this country, there is still a gap between its capability and services offered
USING USED PRAYER RUGS IN DESIGNING ARTWORK TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABILITY-APPLIED STUDY
This research explores the use of used prayer rugs in designing artworks to achieve sustainability. The research problem can be summarized in the following question: How can we utilize used prayer rugs in designing artworks to achieve sustainability ? The research comprises four chapters. The first chapter introduces the research problem and its significance, then outlines the objectives: 1- To identify the use of used prayer rugs in designing artworks to achieve sustainability. 2- To present artwork designs using used prayer rugs. The second chapter is divided into two sections: the first (the aesthetics of the prayer rug) and the second (modern artistic designs according to the sustainability approach). This chapter also includes a review and discussion of previous studies and theoretical frameworks. The third chapter details the research procedures and analyzes the four sample designs. The fourth chapter presents the research findings, including: the shapes used in the artworks are strongly related to Islam; they are decorative motifs with expressive meanings that symbolize the movement of the universe and life .
Asst. Lect. Zahraa Falah Abdul-Munim Mousa
TRUST-BUILDING IN DIGITAL SALES CHANNELS: UNDERSTANDING BUYER PERCEPTIONS OF AUTHENTICITY AND TRANSPARENCY IN ONLINE SELLING
This study emphasizes on the importance of trust building in digital sales environments by investigating buyer attitudes towards online sellers in terms of transparency and genuineness. The paper synthesizes existing literature from signaling theory and trust theory in order to develop two grounds which can be tested vis-à-vis the relationship between transparency and authenticity and consumer trust. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire from online buyers via a cross-sectional survey research design. These statistical analyses were undertaken using suitable inferential statistical techniques. Studies have found that when consumers perceive that the information presented by an online seller is truthful, they trust the seller more. Furthermore, it has been discovered that consumers are more likely to have faith in a vendor if they feel that the information given is honest. When sellers provide clear product information and a genuine brand image in their communication they produce a perception of authenticity. This increased authenticity manifests itself in the openness of seller communication, transparency, disclosure and clarity. In such instances consumers tend to trust them more. Digital sales channels rely on the businesses using them to build trust with their customers; it has been concluded by research. Transparency and authenticity are the most crucial tools for this trust-building process. Online market influences which enhance consumer trust will have a significant impact on the consumer's intention to purchase and maintaining long-term relationships between buyers and sellers. This study consequently suggests implications in real-world terms for digital sales managers and marketers who are striving to obtain consumer trust, which is helpful in obtaining a competitive edge in a marketplace which is becoming ever more crowded
MECHANISMS FOR IMPLEMENTING ECO-TECHNOLOGIES IN THE ACTIVITIES OF BUSINESS ENTITIES
The article explores the theoretical, methodological, and practical aspects of introducing eco-technologies into the activities of business entities, with a particular focus on ensuring ecological sustainability and economic efficiency. In the context of global environmental challenges, the need for sustainable development, and the transition to a green economy, enterprises are required to adopt innovative mechanisms that allow them to reduce resource consumption, minimize ecological risks, and maintain competitiveness. The research highlights the importance of eco-technologies as a key factor in modernizing business processes, improving energy efficiency, reducing waste, and ensuring compliance with international environmental standards. The paper discusses various mechanisms for implementing eco-technologies, including institutional support, state incentives, financial instruments, innovation policies, and the role of digital transformation in accelerating ecological modernization. Special attention is given to the challenges faced by enterprises in Uzbekistan and other developing economies, such as limited access to financing, insufficient awareness of eco-innovations, and weak infrastructure for green entrepreneurship. At the same time, the article emphasizes opportunities for strengthening eco-technology adoption through government–business partnerships, international cooperation, and integration of scientific research into business practices. The study concludes that the effective implementation of eco-technologies requires a comprehensive approach that combines regulatory frameworks, financial mechanisms, educational initiatives, and active participation of entrepreneurs. The findings demonstrate that eco-technologies not only contribute to environmental protection but also open new prospects for sustainable economic growth, improved competitiveness, and innovation-driven business models.
ENHANCED MOTION PLANNING FOR MOBILE ROBOTS USING A HYBRID A*-FPA FRAMEWORK
Motion planning is one of the most basic functions for robots, which helps robots move safely and securely through cluttered and changing spaces. While A* remains the most popular approach for generating optimal paths, its performance is affected for cluttered and changing spaces. To overcome these limitations, the current research suggests the hybrid approach by combining A* and FPA. The hybrid approach is intended to improve the quality of paths by smoothing the paths, reducing unnecessary turns, and minimizing computational costs. The results obtained through experimentation prove that the hybrid approach of A* and FPA is more effective and results in shorter and more coherent paths than A* search algorithms
“ASPHALT-CONCRETE PRODUCTION: A SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF GAS-DUST MIXTURE CLEANING EQUIPMENT”
In this study, the efficiency of the gas–dust mixture cleaning process was investigated. A five-stage systematic analysis model for evaluating gas– dust cleaning equipment was developed in the MATLAB environment. The model takes into account particle size distribution, hydrodynamic parameters of the gas flow, liquid-to-gas ratio, and rotor rotation speed. Vertical and horizontal types of equipment were compared based on parametric analysis. The calculation results were analyzed, revealing that the horizontal-type apparatus demonstrates higher cleaning efficiency and relatively lower energy consumption under asphalt-concrete production conditions.
EDUCATIONAL CURRICULA IN THE AGE OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Tough consequences the digital revolution is having a profound impact on the education of the young generation of today, with schooling becoming increasingly technology-based. AI has become a powerful tool to enrich the content of studies, since it can produce personalized contents for a specific subject and analyze students' performance to detect their weakness, thus facilitating plans for learning. Studies have shown that students learn more effectively when educational software is used rather than purely traditional teaching methods. More Stringent Traditional education is no longer adequate for 21st century requirements. Critical thinking, problem solving and creativity are also considered essential skills to be taught as well as digital skills, programming and data analysis; these are now required to play an increasingly important role in education beyond rote learning and memorization. There are significant changes in methodologies, the most popular being blended learning .It provides a mix of an on-campus component with an online component, while simulation, virtual reality and augmented reality allow interactively and experientially approach to some more difficult doubts. Evaluation too, has become augmented and personalized by the usage of AI tools for monitoring students’ accomplishment and refining instruction in an iterative matter. Notwithstanding these opportunities Education is confronted with a number of challenges, among them the digital divide between students ,the need to train teachers in the effective use of technology, and the significance of data protection and privacy. Yet, future trends signal that educational institutions will need to implement their curricula flexibly to keep pace with technological evolution, and to focus on ... The personalized learning and digital and ethical skills of students change the educational process from the learning of content to the development of vital life skills that should be acquired in an era of digital transformation and artificial intelligence .
SURVEY BASED ASSESSMENT PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR A GREEN UZBEKISTAN. A THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR VALIDATION
With environmental issues deteriorating and the pursuit for sustainable development continuing, Uzbekistan began to experience a definite direction towards an economically more sustainably powered economy. While the government has tried hard and put policy strategies in place for using solar, wind, and other renewable technologies, success of such programs is heavily bottle necked by the trend of the common people to accept and become part of these programs. The purpose of the present study is to test the public acceptability of Uzbekistan's renewable energy projects using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), which is a prominent theory in social psychology that predicts people's behavior intention by applying the critical determinants of attitude, subjective reference group approval, and perceived control of behavior. The study employs the quantitative approach assisted by a self-administered survey questionnaire to gather the attitudes of various populations from rural and urban settings with a sample size of 500 participants across various districts of Uzbekistan
IMPROVING THE MECHANISM OF SUPPORTING WOMEN'S ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
This article analyzes advanced foreign experience in financing women’s entrepreneurship in developed and developing countries. In particular, financial instruments, government programs, microfinance mechanisms, and private sector participation are examined using the examples of the United States, European Union countries, South Korea, and Bangladesh. The research findings indicate that credit guarantee systems, grants, interest-free or preferential loans, and financial literacy programs play a significant role in the development of women’s entrepreneurship. The applicability of these experiences in the context of Uzbekistan is discussed.
THE ROLE OF TAXATION AND INSURANCE IN INCREASING THE INVESTMENT EFFICIENCY OF PROJECTS IMPLEMENTED ON THE BASIS OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP
In this article, the status of tax and insurance levers in increasing the investment efficiency of projects implemented on the basis of public-private partnership is studied. In addition, the researches of several scientists on the subject have been studied and generalized ideas have been highlighted. Mathematicalstatistical formulas and correlation-regression analysis methods were also discussed during the research. Then the obtained results were analyzed using VIF, F-fisher, t-student criterion and p-value coefficients. Based on the results and analysis, scientific conclusions are presented at the end of the research proposal
DERIVATIONAL AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF COMPLEX SYNTACTIC CONSTRUCTIONS: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS AND ANALYTICAL APPROACHES
This article examines the nature of complex syntactic constructions, the interrelation between syntactic and semantic factors in their formation, and analyzes the main theoretical approaches in modern linguistics. The study examines various types of complex sentences—compound, complex, mixed, period, and prosaic stanza—considered as forms of complex syntactic constructions. Special attention is given to the interrelationship between language and speech, focusing on their structural, derivational, and communicative properties. The scientific views of Ch. Hockett, N. Chomsky, O. Jespersen, G. Paul, and J. Antoine are analyzed, highlighting both the shared and divergent aspects of their theories concerning syntactic derivation and deep structure. G. Paul’s idea that “in two-component complex sentences, one component explains the other” is illustrated with examples and interpreted as an important feature revealing the semantic essence of complex syntactic constructions. The article also compares the perspectives of Turkish and Russian linguists, emphasizing that the issues of text syntax have not yet been fully resolved. In conclusion, the interconnection between speech and text in the analysis of complex syntactic constructions is scientifically substantiated, and the status of the text as a syntactic unit larger than the sentence is justified.
COMPARATIVE PEDAGOGICAL ANALYSIS OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS OF UNIVERSITIES IN UZBEKISTAN AND EUROPE
The article examines the modernization of bachelor's programs in solar energy at Uzbek higher education institutions within the framework of the Erasmus+ DEBSEUz project (2023–2026). A comparative pedagogical analysis of curricula from Uzbek and European universities identified 12 key knowledge gaps. The existing curriculum was analyzed using Bloom's Taxonomy (revised version, 2001), revealing that 70–75% of the workload corresponds to lower cognitive levels (Remembering, Understanding, Applying), while higher levels (Analyzing, Evaluating, Creating) are insufficiently represented. The necessity of developing new modules based on a competency-oriented approach and strengthening higher cognitive activities to align education with international standards is substantiated
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
DESIGNING CULTURALLY RELEVANT SPEAKING TOPICS TO FOSTER INTRINSIC MOTIVATION IN MULTICULTURAL EFL CLASSROOMS
This theory paper explores how culturally relevant speaking topics can enhance intrinsic motivation in multicultural university English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) classes. Drawing on Self-Determination Theory (SDT), it argues that topic design is not a neutral choice but a powerful pedagogical lever that can support or thwart students’ psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. When speaking tasks are grounded in learners’ cultural experiences and community concerns, they provide meaningful reasons to communicate, strengthen the sense of ownership over English, and create conditions for successful participation. The paper connects SDT with work on culturally responsive teaching, funds of knowledge, and pluricultural competence, and proposes an integrative model linking topic relevance, need satisfaction, intrinsic motivation, and readiness to speak. Concrete design principles are offered for CEFR B2–B2+ speaking activities such as mini-presentations, debates, and collaborative projects. While no empirical data are presented, the article formulates testable propositions for future research and offers a practical conceptual framework for teachers and program designers working in diverse EFL settings.
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN THE OPERATION OF AUTOMOBILE COOLING SYSTEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS
This article provides an in-depth analysis of the major issues encountered in the operation of automobile engine cooling systems, their root causes, and effective solutions. It highlights the importance of the cooling system in maintaining the engine’s thermal balance and examines factors affecting its efficiency. Key components such as the radiator, thermostat, water pump, temperature sensors, and coolant quality are scientifically analyzed. The study also discusses modern diagnostic methods for identifying cooling system malfunctions, optimal maintenance intervals, and strategies for eliminating heat-exchange disruptions during operation. The article is practically valuable for specialists in vehicle operation, technical maintenance, and automotive engineering technology.
THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN ENSURING PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT
Contemporary international politics is increasingly characterized by state actors adopting pragmatic approaches, prioritizing the pursuit of national interests over adherence to the principles of equality and justice. It is an undeniable fact that women and children are among the most affected by the increasingly tense and complex global situation, which is driven by geopolitical rivalries, unconventional threats, and the consequences of climate change. Three-quarters of the world’s population living in extreme poverty reside either in Sub-Saharan Africa or in fragile, conflict-affected countries. In 2023, nearly 612 million women and girls lived within 50 kilometers of 170 active armed conflicts—a 41% increase since 2015. According to the United Nations, conflictrelated sexual violence has risen by 50% since 2022, with women and girls accounting for 95% of the victims. This represents yet another form of violence and discrimination faced by women and children already living in poverty. In today’s era, when every region of the world is confronted with varying degrees of economic and political challenges, protecting the rights and interests of women, enabling them to realize their potential, and ensuring their contribution to societal development have become more urgent than ever. In this context, the article is dedicated to examining the role of women in decision-making processes, their participation in conflict resolution, and aspects of gender equality related to achieving sustainable development, as well as the international legal dimensions of the principle of gender equality. The author present her scientific conclusions by analyzing these issues through specific case studies
JUDICIAL PLEADINGS OF SAYYIDA AL-ZAHRA (PEACE BE UPON HER)
Pleadings are a means used by wise people to resolve disputes and settle differences when a right is denied, justifying the oppressed person to file a complaint with the judge to lift the injustice from him. Therefore, it is called judicial pleading, as the litigants aim to obtain a ruling that guarantees their rights when the judge, who is knowledgeable about the rules of justice, makes his decision. This research aims to dispel the suspicion that judicial pleading took place between Lady Fatima (peace be upon her) and the first caliph. - according to the historical description, not the doctrinal acceptance - which the plaintiff wants to drag the conversation to the pure friend's admission of the legitimacy of the one called the caliph by accepting his pleading. The researcher has conducted a new analytical re-reading of those events to obtain doctrinal and political conclusions from what Lady Fatima (peace be upon her) intended to say, refuting her opponent's claim by presenting historical and narrative documents. The importance of this research lies in refuting the allegations against Lady Fatima (peace be upon her) regarding her multiple claims, and to demonstrate the illegitimacy of the ruling government and the ineligibility of the caliph for the caliphate. The necessity of enriching knowledge by presenting a balanced analysis that dispels the intellectual suspicions that are repeatedly raised from time to time is not hidden. The researcher has shed light on the reality of the judicial pleadings made by Lady Fatima (peace be upon her) and the real purpose behind them. The researcher adopted a descriptive and analytical approach in studying the documents related to the incident from the sources of both sides after classifying them into modern and historical documents, then comparing them. We concluded with important findings, which we mentioned in the conclusion
DIFFICULTIES IN APPLYING EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY IN SECONDARY EDUCATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF HISTORY TEACHERS
The aim of the research is to identify the difficulties of implementing educational technology in secondary school from the perspective of history teachers, both male and female, and to identify the most difficult field after ranking the fields according to the percentage obtained. The scope of this research is secondary school history teachers in day schools in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate and its districts, during the academic year (2024- 2025 AD). The researcher followed the descriptive survey method to achieve the research objective
Difficulties in applying technology in education
THE NARRATIVE VISION OF THE WESTERN BETWEEN DOCUMENTATION AND SIMPLIFICATION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE TRAVELOGUE OF AHMAD FARIS AL-SHIDYAQ AND MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM BASTANI
This comparative study examines two prominent travelogues in modern Arabic and Persian literature: Ahmad Faris al-Shidyaq's Kashf al-Mukhba‘‘an Funun Urubba and Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi's Az Pāriz tā Pāris. Using the American School of Comparative Literature as a methodological framework, the research focuses on narrative style, thematic structure, cultural and political perspectives, attitudes toward women and Westernization, and the role of memory and poetry. Findings indicate that al-Shidyaq adopts a documentary, detail-oriented narrative emphasizing statistics and material description, while Parizi employs a simplified, literary style aimed at general readers through anecdotes, poetry, and humor. The study concludes that divergent cultural backgrounds and life experiences produced two distinct travel-writing models, both contributing valuable insights into Middle Eastern perceptions of the West .in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
THE ROLE OF HOTEL SERVICES QUALITY AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE ADVANCEMENT OF TOURISM FOR THE GUEST : REVIEW ARTICLE
The role of services is a topic that has received widespread attention among those interested in the hospitality industry, to the point that it has become one of the factors influencing guest purchasing behavior and purchasing power compared to their expectations. Therefore, providing distinguished hotel service means that the quality level matches guest expectations. From this standpoint, hotel organizations must work to enhance guest tourism, given the effective value it plays in shaping opinions and guest perceptions of the hotel service provided. The idea of this article was to present some recommendations and enrich the theoretical knowledge of decision-makers in the article community, which included all five-star hotels in Baghdad (Al-Rashid, Al-Mansour, Palestine, Ishtar, Babylon, and Baghdad). A questionnaire was adopted to extract information from its primary sources, and it contained (24) questions. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were then verified, and it was distributed to the article sample, which numbered (250) respondents. This article included topics such as the role of hotel services and discussed tourism for the guest, as well as reviewed the practical reality of the article. The study concluded that there is a correlation between the role of hotel services and their impact on the advancement of tourism for the guest.