European Journal of Research Development and Sustainability
type: channel
description: The European Journal of Research Development and Sustainability (EJRDS) is a multidisciplinary, peer-reviewed, open access journal dedicated to publishing high-quality research that promotes innovation, development, and sustainable practices across various fields. The journal provides an international platform for researchers, academicians, and professionals to share impactful findings that contribute to economic growth, environmental protection, and social well-being. Published online on a monthly basis, EJRDS ensures the timely dissemination of scholarly work while maintaining rigorous peer-review standards. The journal emphasizes research that supports sustainable development goals and addresses contemporary global challenges. ISSN (E): 2660-5570 Journal Impact Factor: 10.550 SJIF : 8.349 ResearchBib: 11.90
publisher: Scholarzest
language: en
publication name: European Journal of Research Development and Sustainability
issn: 2660-5570
items: CULTURAL TOURISM AS A TOOL OF PUBLIC DIPLOMACY IN IRAQ AFTER 2003-A STUDY IN POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY
items: USING USED PRAYER RUGS IN DESIGNING ARTWORK TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABILITY-APPLIED STUDY
items: TRUST-BUILDING IN DIGITAL SALES CHANNELS: UNDERSTANDING BUYER PERCEPTIONS OF AUTHENTICITY AND TRANSPARENCY IN ONLINE SELLING
items: MECHANISMS FOR IMPLEMENTING ECO-TECHNOLOGIES IN THE ACTIVITIES OF BUSINESS ENTITIES
items: ENHANCED MOTION PLANNING FOR MOBILE ROBOTS USING A HYBRID A*-FPA FRAMEWORK
items: “ASPHALT-CONCRETE PRODUCTION: A SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF GAS-DUST MIXTURE CLEANING EQUIPMENT”
items: EDUCATIONAL CURRICULA IN THE AGE OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
items: SURVEY BASED ASSESSMENT PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR A GREEN UZBEKISTAN. A THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR VALIDATION
items: IMPROVING THE MECHANISM OF SUPPORTING WOMEN'S ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
items: THE ROLE OF TAXATION AND INSURANCE IN INCREASING THE INVESTMENT EFFICIENCY OF PROJECTS IMPLEMENTED ON THE BASIS OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP
items: DERIVATIONAL AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF COMPLEX SYNTACTIC CONSTRUCTIONS: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS AND ANALYTICAL APPROACHES
items: COMPARATIVE PEDAGOGICAL ANALYSIS OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS OF UNIVERSITIES IN UZBEKISTAN AND EUROPE
items: DESIGNING CULTURALLY RELEVANT SPEAKING TOPICS TO FOSTER INTRINSIC MOTIVATION IN MULTICULTURAL EFL CLASSROOMS
items: PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN THE OPERATION OF AUTOMOBILE COOLING SYSTEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS
items: THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN ENSURING PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT
items: JUDICIAL PLEADINGS OF SAYYIDA AL-ZAHRA (PEACE BE UPON HER)
items: DIFFICULTIES IN APPLYING EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY IN SECONDARY EDUCATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF HISTORY TEACHERS
items: THE NARRATIVE VISION OF THE WESTERN BETWEEN DOCUMENTATION AND SIMPLIFICATION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE TRAVELOGUE OF AHMAD FARIS AL-SHIDYAQ AND MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM BASTANI
items: THE ROLE OF HOTEL SERVICES QUALITY AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE ADVANCEMENT OF TOURISM FOR THE GUEST : REVIEW ARTICLE
items: HYDROLOGICAL CHANGES OF THE EUPHRATES RIVER BETWEEN AL-CHABAYISH DAM AND THE DISTRICT OF QURNA (THE CONFLUENCE AREA) AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE FUTURE OF WATER IN BASRAH GOVERNORATE
items: THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING USING INTERACTIVE INFOGRAPHICS IN ADDRESSING GEOGRAPHY LEARNING DIFFICULTIES AND DEVELOPING SPATIAL INTERPRETATION SKILLS AMONG PREPARATORY STAGE STUDENTS IN IRAQ
items: PROSPECTS OF PROJECT-BASED EDUCATION IN PRIMARY EDUCATION
items: PREPARATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS IN JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES ON THE BASIS OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
items: REVIEW ARTICLE TITLED MARKETING DEXTERITY AS A TOOL FOR INVESTMENT MARKET INFORMATION
items: CITIZENS' RIGHTS IN THE THOUGHT OF AL -HIKMA NATIONAL MOVEMENT
items: EFFECTIVENESS OF VITAMIN D IN INFLAMMATION
items: https://scholarzest.com/index.php/ejrds/article/view/5107
items: TOWARDS A STRATEGIC DOCTRINE THAT SUPPORTS FUTURE INSTITUTIONAL PERFORMANCE IN COMBATING INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM IN IRAQ
items: ANALYSIS OF THE VAT ADMINISTRATION DEVELOPMENT IN UZBEKISTAN
items: IMPACT OF PLANT SPECIES IN GREEN SYNTHESIS OF COPPER NANOPARTICLES ON THEIR MORPHOLOGY AND SIZE

CULTURAL TOURISM AS A TOOL OF PUBLIC DIPLOMACY IN IRAQ AFTER 2003-A STUDY IN POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY
type: item
description: This study investigates the contribution of cultural tourism in Iraq as a tool of public diplomacy in the post-2003 era, paying particular attention to its ability to improve Iraq's image and increase the country's soft power in the international arena. In this study, a descriptive and analytical approach was used with a survey among visitors to find out the effect of cultural and religious tourism in creating positive perceptions and mutual understanding among people, besides discovering the main problems facing this industry . It can be concluded from the results of this study that the political and geographical importance of cultural tourism in Iraq since 2003 has played a very important role in the development of public diplomacy and building a positive national image. According to the survey results, 54.7% of the participants believe that cultural tourism is influential in improving Iraq's image. Also, there is a very solid base of cultural tourism in archaeology and Islamic areas (agreement 85-87%). The geographic distribution of cultural heritage in Iraq is in the middle, south, and north of Iraq. Nevertheless, despite the importance of cultural heritage in this country, there is still a gap between its capability and services offered
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cultural Tourism
  topic: keywords
subject: Diplomacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Diplomacy
  topic: keywords
creator: Asst. Lect. Athraa Abdulhadee zwead
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-21
publication date: 2026-04-21
starting page: 12
ending page: 21
doi: 10.17605/

USING USED PRAYER RUGS IN DESIGNING ARTWORK TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABILITY-APPLIED STUDY
type: item
description: This research explores the use of used prayer rugs in designing artworks to achieve sustainability. The research problem can be summarized in the following question: How can we utilize used prayer rugs in designing artworks to achieve sustainability ? The research comprises four chapters. The first chapter introduces the research problem and its significance, then outlines the objectives: 1- To identify the use of used prayer rugs in designing artworks to achieve sustainability. 2- To present artwork designs using used prayer rugs. The second chapter is divided into two sections: the first (the aesthetics of the prayer rug) and the second (modern artistic designs according to the sustainability approach). This chapter also includes a review and discussion of previous studies and theoretical frameworks. The third chapter details the research procedures and analyzes the four sample designs. The fourth chapter presents the research findings, including: the shapes used in the artworks are strongly related to Islam; they are decorative motifs with expressive meanings that symbolize the movement of the universe and life .
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Recycling Materials
  topic: keywords
subject: SustainabilityArt
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamic Decorative Motifs
  topic: keywords
creator: Asst. Lect. Haider Abdul-Ilah Abbas
creator: Asst. Lect. Zahraa Falah Abdul-Munim Mousa
creator: Asst. Lect. Durgham Saad Fleiyeh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-14
publication date: 2026-04-14
starting page: 1
ending page: 11
doi: 10.17605/

TRUST-BUILDING IN DIGITAL SALES CHANNELS: UNDERSTANDING BUYER PERCEPTIONS OF AUTHENTICITY AND TRANSPARENCY IN ONLINE SELLING
type: item
description: This study emphasizes on the importance of trust building in digital sales environments by investigating buyer attitudes towards online sellers in terms of transparency and genuineness. The paper synthesizes existing literature from signaling theory and trust theory in order to develop two grounds which can be tested vis-à-vis the relationship between transparency and authenticity and consumer trust. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire from online buyers via a cross-sectional survey research design. These statistical analyses were undertaken using suitable inferential statistical techniques. Studies have found that when consumers perceive that the information presented by an online seller is truthful, they trust the seller more. Furthermore, it has been discovered that consumers are more likely to have faith in a vendor if they feel that the information given is honest. When sellers provide clear product information and a genuine brand image in their communication they produce a perception of authenticity. This increased authenticity manifests itself in the openness of seller communication, transparency, disclosure and clarity. In such instances consumers tend to trust them more. Digital sales channels rely on the businesses using them to build trust with their customers; it has been concluded by research. Transparency and authenticity are the most crucial tools for this trust-building process. Online market influences which enhance consumer trust will have a significant impact on the consumer's intention to purchase and maintaining long-term relationships between buyers and sellers. This study consequently suggests implications in real-world terms for digital sales managers and marketers who are striving to obtain consumer trust, which is helpful in obtaining a competitive edge in a marketplace which is becoming ever more crowded
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Trust
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Sales Channels
  topic: keywords
subject: Perceived Authenticity
  topic: keywords
creator: Peace IGWE
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
starting page: 14
ending page: 20
doi: 10.17605/

MECHANISMS FOR IMPLEMENTING ECO-TECHNOLOGIES IN THE ACTIVITIES OF BUSINESS ENTITIES
type: item
description: The article explores the theoretical, methodological, and practical aspects of introducing eco-technologies into the activities of business entities, with a particular focus on ensuring ecological sustainability and economic efficiency. In the context of global environmental challenges, the need for sustainable development, and the transition to a green economy, enterprises are required to adopt innovative mechanisms that allow them to reduce resource consumption, minimize ecological risks, and maintain competitiveness. The research highlights the importance of eco-technologies as a key factor in modernizing business processes, improving energy efficiency, reducing waste, and ensuring compliance with international environmental standards. The paper discusses various mechanisms for implementing eco-technologies, including institutional support, state incentives, financial instruments, innovation policies, and the role of digital transformation in accelerating ecological modernization. Special attention is given to the challenges faced by enterprises in Uzbekistan and other developing economies, such as limited access to financing, insufficient awareness of eco-innovations, and weak infrastructure for green entrepreneurship. At the same time, the article emphasizes opportunities for strengthening eco-technology adoption through government–business partnerships, international cooperation, and integration of scientific research into business practices. The study concludes that the effective implementation of eco-technologies requires a comprehensive approach that combines regulatory frameworks, financial mechanisms, educational initiatives, and active participation of entrepreneurs. The findings demonstrate that eco-technologies not only contribute to environmental protection but also open new prospects for sustainable economic growth, improved competitiveness, and innovation-driven business models.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Eco-technologies
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable development
  topic: keywords
subject: green economy
  topic: keywords
subject: business entities
  topic: keywords
creator: Musadjanova Nargiza Abduvoxid qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-03-26
publication date: 2026-03-26
starting page: 13
ending page: 18
doi: 10.17605/

ENHANCED MOTION PLANNING FOR MOBILE ROBOTS USING A HYBRID A*-FPA FRAMEWORK
type: item
description: Motion planning is one of the most basic functions for robots, which helps robots move safely and securely through cluttered and changing spaces. While A* remains the most popular approach for generating optimal paths, its performance is affected for cluttered and changing spaces. To overcome these limitations, the current research suggests the hybrid approach by combining A* and FPA. The hybrid approach is intended to improve the quality of paths by smoothing the paths, reducing unnecessary turns, and minimizing computational costs. The results obtained through experimentation prove that the hybrid approach of A* and FPA is more effective and results in shorter and more coherent paths than A* search algorithms
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Flower Pollination Algorithm
  topic: keywords
subject: Hybrid Optimization
  topic: keywords
subject: Motion Planning and Robotics
  topic: keywords
creator: Ibtehal .M. Habeeb
creator: Alia K.abdulhasan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-03-25
publication date: 2026-03-25
starting page: 5
ending page: 12
doi: 10.17605/

“ASPHALT-CONCRETE PRODUCTION: A SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF GAS-DUST MIXTURE CLEANING EQUIPMENT”
type: item
description: In this study, the efficiency of the gas–dust mixture cleaning process was investigated. A five-stage systematic analysis model for evaluating gas– dust cleaning equipment was developed in the MATLAB environment. The model takes into account particle size distribution, hydrodynamic parameters of the gas flow, liquid-to-gas ratio, and rotor rotation speed. Vertical and horizontal types of equipment were compared based on parametric analysis. The calculation results were analyzed, revealing that the horizontal-type apparatus demonstrates higher cleaning efficiency and relatively lower energy consumption under asphalt-concrete production conditions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Asphalt-concrete production
  topic: keywords
subject: gas–dust mixture
  topic: keywords
subject: dust cleaning equipment
  topic: keywords
creator: A.S. Isomidinov
creator: A.N. Madaliyev
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 1
ending page: 4
doi: 10.17605/

EDUCATIONAL CURRICULA IN THE AGE OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
type: item
description: Tough consequences the digital revolution is having a profound impact on the education of the young generation of today, with schooling becoming increasingly technology-based. AI has become a powerful tool to enrich the content of studies, since it can produce personalized contents for a specific subject and analyze students' performance to detect their weakness, thus facilitating plans for learning. Studies have shown that students learn more effectively when educational software is used rather than purely traditional teaching methods. More Stringent Traditional education is no longer adequate for 21st century requirements. Critical thinking, problem solving and creativity are also considered essential skills to be taught as well as digital skills, programming and data analysis; these are now required to play an increasingly important role in education beyond rote learning and memorization. There are significant changes in methodologies, the most popular being blended learning .It provides a mix of an on-campus component with an online component, while simulation, virtual reality and augmented reality allow interactively and experientially approach to some more difficult doubts. Evaluation too, has become augmented and personalized by the usage of AI tools for monitoring students’ accomplishment and refining instruction in an iterative matter. Notwithstanding these opportunities Education is confronted with a number of challenges, among them the digital divide between students ,the need to train teachers in the effective use of technology, and the significance of data protection and privacy. Yet, future trends signal that educational institutions will need to implement their curricula flexibly to keep pace with technological evolution, and to focus on ... The personalized learning and digital and ethical skills of students change the educational process from the learning of content to the development of vital life skills that should be acquired in an era of digital…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Blended learnin
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Inam Talib Hassan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-26
publication date: 2026-02-26
starting page: 15
ending page: 22
doi: 10.17605/

SURVEY BASED ASSESSMENT PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR A GREEN UZBEKISTAN. A THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR VALIDATION
type: item
description: With environmental issues deteriorating and the pursuit for sustainable development continuing, Uzbekistan began to experience a definite direction towards an economically more sustainably powered economy. While the government has tried hard and put policy strategies in place for using solar, wind, and other renewable technologies, success of such programs is heavily bottle necked by the trend of the common people to accept and become part of these programs. The purpose of the present study is to test the public acceptability of Uzbekistan's renewable energy projects using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), which is a prominent theory in social psychology that predicts people's behavior intention by applying the critical determinants of attitude, subjective reference group approval, and perceived control of behavior. The study employs the quantitative approach assisted by a self-administered survey questionnaire to gather the attitudes of various populations from rural and urban settings with a sample size of 500 participants across various districts of Uzbekistan
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: public acceptance
  topic: keywords
subject: Renewable energy
  topic: keywords
subject: Theory of Planned Behavior
  topic: keywords
creator: Tolipova Umida
creator: Dr Gabriel Ogunmola Ayodeji
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-12
publication date: 2026-02-12
starting page: 10
ending page: 23
doi: 10.17605/

IMPROVING THE MECHANISM OF SUPPORTING WOMEN'S ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
type: item
description: This article analyzes advanced foreign experience in financing women’s entrepreneurship in developed and developing countries. In particular, financial instruments, government programs, microfinance mechanisms, and private sector participation are examined using the examples of the United States, European Union countries, South Korea, and Bangladesh. The research findings indicate that credit guarantee systems, grants, interest-free or preferential loans, and financial literacy programs play a significant role in the development of women’s entrepreneurship. The applicability of these experiences in the context of Uzbekistan is discussed.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: women’s entrepreneurship
  topic: keywords
subject: financing
  topic: keywords
subject: microcredit
  topic: keywords
creator: Malikova Gulhayo Turdali qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-19
publication date: 2026-01-19
starting page: 7
ending page: 9
doi: 10.17605/

THE ROLE OF TAXATION AND INSURANCE IN INCREASING THE INVESTMENT EFFICIENCY OF PROJECTS IMPLEMENTED ON THE BASIS OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP
type: item
description: In this article, the status of tax and insurance levers in increasing the investment efficiency of projects implemented on the basis of public-private partnership is studied. In addition, the researches of several scientists on the subject have been studied and generalized ideas have been highlighted. Mathematicalstatistical formulas and correlation-regression analysis methods were also discussed during the research. Then the obtained results were analyzed using VIF, F-fisher, t-student criterion and p-value coefficients. Based on the results and analysis, scientific conclusions are presented at the end of the research proposal
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: investment projects
  topic: keywords
subject: tax payments
  topic: keywords
subject: insurance contributions
  topic: keywords
creator: Kadirov Jasurbek Sharofitdinovich
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-09
publication date: 2026-01-09
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.17605/

DERIVATIONAL AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF COMPLEX SYNTACTIC CONSTRUCTIONS: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS AND ANALYTICAL APPROACHES
type: item
description: This article examines the nature of complex syntactic constructions, the interrelation between syntactic and semantic factors in their formation, and analyzes the main theoretical approaches in modern linguistics. The study examines various types of complex sentences—compound, complex, mixed, period, and prosaic stanza—considered as forms of complex syntactic constructions. Special attention is given to the interrelationship between language and speech, focusing on their structural, derivational, and communicative properties. The scientific views of Ch. Hockett, N. Chomsky, O. Jespersen, G. Paul, and J. Antoine are analyzed, highlighting both the shared and divergent aspects of their theories concerning syntactic derivation and deep structure. G. Paul’s idea that “in two-component complex sentences, one component explains the other” is illustrated with examples and interpreted as an important feature revealing the semantic essence of complex syntactic constructions. The article also compares the perspectives of Turkish and Russian linguists, emphasizing that the issues of text syntax have not yet been fully resolved. In conclusion, the interconnection between speech and text in the analysis of complex syntactic constructions is scientifically substantiated, and the status of the text as a syntactic unit larger than the sentence is justified.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: derivation
  topic: keywords
subject: semantics
  topic: keywords
subject: complex sentence
  topic: keywords
subject: intercomponent relation
  topic: keywords
creator: Xamrayeva Zebiniso Xaydar qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-26
publication date: 2025-12-26
starting page: 11
ending page: 13
doi: 10.17605/

COMPARATIVE PEDAGOGICAL ANALYSIS OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS OF UNIVERSITIES IN UZBEKISTAN AND EUROPE
type: item
description: The article examines the modernization of bachelor's programs in solar energy at Uzbek higher education institutions within the framework of the Erasmus+ DEBSEUz project (2023–2026). A comparative pedagogical analysis of curricula from Uzbek and European universities identified 12 key knowledge gaps. The existing curriculum was analyzed using Bloom's Taxonomy (revised version, 2001), revealing that 70–75% of the workload corresponds to lower cognitive levels (Remembering, Understanding, Applying), while higher levels (Analyzing, Evaluating, Creating) are insufficiently represented. The necessity of developing new modules based on a competency-oriented approach and strengthening higher cognitive activities to align education with international standards is substantiated
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: solar energy
  topic: keywords
subject: DEBSEUz project
  topic: keywords
subject: Bloom's Taxonomy
  topic: keywords
creator: Karimkulova Shakhnoza Kakhramonovna
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
starting page: 8
ending page: 10
doi: 10.17605/

DESIGNING CULTURALLY RELEVANT SPEAKING TOPICS TO FOSTER INTRINSIC MOTIVATION IN MULTICULTURAL EFL CLASSROOMS
type: item
description: This theory paper explores how culturally relevant speaking topics can enhance intrinsic motivation in multicultural university English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) classes. Drawing on Self-Determination Theory (SDT), it argues that topic design is not a neutral choice but a powerful pedagogical lever that can support or thwart students’ psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. When speaking tasks are grounded in learners’ cultural experiences and community concerns, they provide meaningful reasons to communicate, strengthen the sense of ownership over English, and create conditions for successful participation. The paper connects SDT with work on culturally responsive teaching, funds of knowledge, and pluricultural competence, and proposes an integrative model linking topic relevance, need satisfaction, intrinsic motivation, and readiness to speak. Concrete design principles are offered for CEFR B2–B2+ speaking activities such as mini-presentations, debates, and collaborative projects. While no empirical data are presented, the article formulates testable propositions for future research and offers a practical conceptual framework for teachers and program designers working in diverse EFL settings.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: culturally
  topic: keywords
subject: teaching
  topic: keywords
subject: culturally relevant topics
  topic: keywords
subject: Self-Determination Theory
  topic: keywords
creator: Eszterhazy Karoly Catholic
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-15
publication date: 2025-11-15
starting page: 1
ending page: 4
doi: 10.17605/

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN THE OPERATION OF AUTOMOBILE COOLING SYSTEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS
type: item
description: This article provides an in-depth analysis of the major issues encountered in the operation of automobile engine cooling systems, their root causes, and effective solutions. It highlights the importance of the cooling system in maintaining the engine’s thermal balance and examines factors affecting its efficiency. Key components such as the radiator, thermostat, water pump, temperature sensors, and coolant quality are scientifically analyzed. The study also discusses modern diagnostic methods for identifying cooling system malfunctions, optimal maintenance intervals, and strategies for eliminating heat-exchange disruptions during operation. The article is practically valuable for specialists in vehicle operation, technical maintenance, and automotive engineering technology.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Automobile cooling system
  topic: keywords
subject: engine
  topic: keywords
subject: heat exchange
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdiqodirov Shavkat Abdixamidovoch
creator: Abduqahorov No‘monbek Oybek o‘g‘li
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-07
publication date: 2025-12-07
starting page: 5
ending page: 7
doi: 10.17605/

THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN ENSURING PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT
type: item
description: Contemporary international politics is increasingly characterized by state actors adopting pragmatic approaches, prioritizing the pursuit of national interests over adherence to the principles of equality and justice. It is an undeniable fact that women and children are among the most affected by the increasingly tense and complex global situation, which is driven by geopolitical rivalries, unconventional threats, and the consequences of climate change. Three-quarters of the world’s population living in extreme poverty reside either in Sub-Saharan Africa or in fragile, conflict-affected countries. In 2023, nearly 612 million women and girls lived within 50 kilometers of 170 active armed conflicts—a 41% increase since 2015. According to the United Nations, conflictrelated sexual violence has risen by 50% since 2022, with women and girls accounting for 95% of the victims. This represents yet another form of violence and discrimination faced by women and children already living in poverty. In today’s era, when every region of the world is confronted with varying degrees of economic and political challenges, protecting the rights and interests of women, enabling them to realize their potential, and ensuring their contribution to societal development have become more urgent than ever. In this context, the article is dedicated to examining the role of women in decision-making processes, their participation in conflict resolution, and aspects of gender equality related to achieving sustainable development, as well as the international legal dimensions of the principle of gender equality. The author present her scientific conclusions by analyzing these issues through specific case studies
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Conflict
  topic: keywords
subject: women
  topic: keywords
subject: children
  topic: keywords
subject: women empowerment
  topic: keywords
creator: Radjabova Aziza Matlubovna
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-08
publication date: 2025-12-08
starting page: 1
ending page: 4
doi: 10.17605/

JUDICIAL PLEADINGS OF SAYYIDA AL-ZAHRA (PEACE BE UPON HER)
type: item
description: Pleadings are a means used by wise people to resolve disputes and settle differences when a right is denied, justifying the oppressed person to file a complaint with the judge to lift the injustice from him. Therefore, it is called judicial pleading, as the litigants aim to obtain a ruling that guarantees their rights when the judge, who is knowledgeable about the rules of justice, makes his decision. This research aims to dispel the suspicion that judicial pleading took place between Lady Fatima (peace be upon her) and the first caliph. - according to the historical description, not the doctrinal acceptance - which the plaintiff wants to drag the conversation to the pure friend's admission of the legitimacy of the one called the caliph by accepting his pleading. The researcher has conducted a new analytical re-reading of those events to obtain doctrinal and political conclusions from what Lady Fatima (peace be upon her) intended to say, refuting her opponent's claim by presenting historical and narrative documents. The importance of this research lies in refuting the allegations against Lady Fatima (peace be upon her) regarding her multiple claims, and to demonstrate the illegitimacy of the ruling government and the ineligibility of the caliph for the caliphate. The necessity of enriching knowledge by presenting a balanced analysis that dispels the intellectual suspicions that are repeatedly raised from time to time is not hidden. The researcher has shed light on the reality of the judicial pleadings made by Lady Fatima (peace be upon her) and the real purpose behind them. The researcher adopted a descriptive and analytical approach in studying the documents related to the incident from the sources of both sides after classifying them into modern and historical documents, then comparing them. We concluded with important findings, which we mentioned in the conclusion
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Pleadings
  topic: keywords
subject: judicial
  topic: keywords
subject: Lady Fatima
  topic: keywords
creator: BUSHRA JABBAR BEDEN
creator: Dr. Seyyed Akbar Mousawi Taniani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-28
publication date: 2025-10-28
starting page: 16
ending page: 25
doi: 10.17605/

DIFFICULTIES IN APPLYING EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY IN SECONDARY EDUCATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF HISTORY TEACHERS
type: item
description: The aim of the research is to identify the difficulties of implementing educational technology in secondary school from the perspective of history teachers, both male and female, and to identify the most difficult field after ranking the fields according to the percentage obtained. The scope of this research is secondary school history teachers in day schools in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate and its districts, during the academic year (2024- 2025 AD). The researcher followed the descriptive survey method to achieve the research objective
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Difficulties in applying technology in education
  topic: keywords
subject: history teachers
  topic: keywords
subject: secondary education
  topic: keywords
creator: Hayder jalil fadhl Al-Jodi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-27
publication date: 2025-10-27
starting page: 26
ending page: 35
doi: 10.17605/

THE NARRATIVE VISION OF THE WESTERN BETWEEN DOCUMENTATION AND SIMPLIFICATION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE TRAVELOGUE OF AHMAD FARIS AL-SHIDYAQ AND MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM BASTANI
type: item
description: This comparative study examines two prominent travelogues in modern Arabic and Persian literature: Ahmad Faris al-Shidyaq's Kashf al-Mukhba‘‘an Funun Urubba and Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi's Az Pāriz tā Pāris. Using the American School of Comparative Literature as a methodological framework, the research focuses on narrative style, thematic structure, cultural and political perspectives, attitudes toward women and Westernization, and the role of memory and poetry. Findings indicate that al-Shidyaq adopts a documentary, detail-oriented narrative emphasizing statistics and material description, while Parizi employs a simplified, literary style aimed at general readers through anecdotes, poetry, and humor. The study concludes that divergent cultural backgrounds and life experiences produced two distinct travel-writing models, both contributing valuable insights into Middle Eastern perceptions of the West .in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Travelogue
  topic: keywords
subject: Bastani Parizi
  topic: keywords
subject: American School
  topic: keywords
creator: Hussein Ali Hassoon Alshammari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-28
publication date: 2025-10-28
starting page: 7
ending page: 9
doi: 10.17605/

THE ROLE OF HOTEL SERVICES QUALITY AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE ADVANCEMENT OF TOURISM FOR THE GUEST : REVIEW ARTICLE
type: item
description: The role of services is a topic that has received widespread attention among those interested in the hospitality industry, to the point that it has become one of the factors influencing guest purchasing behavior and purchasing power compared to their expectations. Therefore, providing distinguished hotel service means that the quality level matches guest expectations. From this standpoint, hotel organizations must work to enhance guest tourism, given the effective value it plays in shaping opinions and guest perceptions of the hotel service provided. The idea of this article was to present some recommendations and enrich the theoretical knowledge of decision-makers in the article community, which included all five-star hotels in Baghdad (Al-Rashid, Al-Mansour, Palestine, Ishtar, Babylon, and Baghdad). A questionnaire was adopted to extract information from its primary sources, and it contained (24) questions. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were then verified, and it was distributed to the article sample, which numbered (250) respondents. This article included topics such as the role of hotel services and discussed tourism for the guest, as well as reviewed the practical reality of the article. The study concluded that there is a correlation between the role of hotel services and their impact on the advancement of tourism for the guest.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Services quality
  topic: keywords
subject: Guest
  topic: keywords
subject: Tourism
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Ali Abbood Awdaa
creator: Hayder Salih Hadi
creator: Ahmed lateef jabbar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-21
publication date: 2025-10-21
starting page: 10
ending page: 15
doi: 10.17605/

HYDROLOGICAL CHANGES OF THE EUPHRATES RIVER BETWEEN AL-CHABAYISH DAM AND THE DISTRICT OF QURNA (THE CONFLUENCE AREA) AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE FUTURE OF WATER IN BASRAH GOVERNORATE
type: item
description: This study was conducted to find out the hydrological changes of the Euphrates River in the study area and their impact on the discharges and levels of the river at Al-chabayish dam up to the district of Qurna, and the study proved that there are significant and noticeable changes in the amount of drainage and the quality of water in the course of the river, as these changes took place in the overall hydrological conditions of the river, the study showed that the Euphrates River suffers from a great water scarcity due to the lack of water revenues, as the Shatt al-Arab has become fed by the Tigris River only, as the Euphrates River has been It was cut by a dam called Al-chabayish dam, where it cut the river and prevented it from meeting the Tigris River in (2010), where it diverted its water to the central marshes (the marshes of Qurna) in order to feed them. This change in the Euphrates River affected the water resources in Basra Governorate. This change led to a decrease in the discharges of the Shatt alArab River, a significant decrease in levels and a significant rise in salts due to the lack of discharge, which leads to the penetration of sea water for large distances in the course of the Shatt al-Arab, as the water of the Karun and Suwaib rivers was cut off by the Iranian side on the Shatt al-Arab. This has led to a great scarcity of water, and this reflects negatively on the residents of Basrah Governorate, which suffers a lot due to this problem, as it has affected all agricultural, industrial, vital and other aspects. As most of the agricultural lands have been converted into residential plots or lands for oil extraction, the decline in water revenues reaching the Shatt al-Arab and the cutting of the Euphrates River in the cutting dam has significant effects on the future of fresh water in Basrah province.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Euphrates River
  topic: keywords
subject: Al-chabayish Dam
  topic: keywords
subject: Discharges
  topic: keywords
creator: Dhifaf Abdul Salam Hantoush Al-Abadi
creator: Arkan furat mardan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-09-27
publication date: 2025-09-27
starting page: 21
ending page: 33
doi: 10.17605/

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING USING INTERACTIVE INFOGRAPHICS IN ADDRESSING GEOGRAPHY LEARNING DIFFICULTIES AND DEVELOPING SPATIAL INTERPRETATION SKILLS AMONG PREPARATORY STAGE STUDENTS IN IRAQ
type: item
description: The research problem lies in investigating the effectiveness of teaching using interactive infographics as an innovative educational strategy to address geography learning difficulties and develop spatial interpretation skills among preparatory stage students in Iraq. This approach aims to enhance student interaction with the content and improve their ability to comprehend complex geographical concepts, transforming them into practically applicable knowledge. This raises the question: Are there statistically significant differences between the mean scores of preparatory stage students in pre-tests and post-tests in favor of teaching using interactive infographics to address geography learning difficulties and develop spatial interpretation skills? The study hypothesizes that there are statistically significant differences between the mean scores of preparatory stage students in pre-tests and post-tests in favor of teaching using interactive infographics to address geography learning difficulties and enhance spatial interpretation skills. To achieve the research objective of improving geography learning outcomes and developing spatial interpretation skills among preparatory students in Iraq, a quasi-experimental design was applied to a sample of 35 preparatory students. The results indicated a strong relationship between students’ mean scores in favor of teaching using interactive infographics. Based on these findings, it is recommended to generalize the results to other preparatory student groups to develop spatial interpretation skills across various geographical domains.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Teaching effectiveness
  topic: keywords
subject: Interactive infographics
  topic: keywords
subject: Learning difficulties
  topic: keywords
creator: Oday saddam chanaan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-08-28
publication date: 2025-08-28
starting page: 35
ending page: 45
doi: 10.17605/

PROSPECTS OF PROJECT-BASED EDUCATION IN PRIMARY EDUCATION
type: item
description: This article discusses some of the challenges that hinder the implementation of project-based learning in primary education and provides effective recommendations for their solution. It also discusses what projectbased learning is, its place in primary education, and its educational prospects.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: criteria-based assessment system
  topic: keywords
subject: project-based learning
  topic: keywords
subject: interest-based topic selection
  topic: keywords
creator: Niyozmatova Umidaxon Ulugbek kizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-19
publication date: 2025-10-19
starting page: 5
ending page: 6
doi: 10.17605/

PREPARATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS IN JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES ON THE BASIS OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
type: item
description: This article examines the features of the organization of reporting in jointstock companies of the Republic of Uzbekistan based on international financial reporting standards. The article primarily examines the organization of accounting based on international accounting standards and the importance of financial reporting in the process of globalization. The article also studies the results of the application of international financial reporting standards in joint-stock companies, its methodological, general, technical and organizational structure and discusses the development of proposals for its improvement based on international financial reporting standards, thereby improving financial reporting in joint-stock companies
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: International Financial Reporting Standards
  topic: keywords
subject: joint-stock companies
  topic: keywords
subject: creditors
  topic: keywords
creator: Pardaeva Zulfizar Alimovna
creator: Pardaeva Shakhnoza Abdinabievna
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-13
publication date: 2025-10-13
starting page: 1
ending page: 4
doi: 10.17605/

REVIEW ARTICLE TITLED MARKETING DEXTERITY AS A TOOL FOR INVESTMENT MARKET INFORMATION
type: item
description: This review article aims to demonstrate the role of marketing deterity in making the best use of marketing information to achieve the organization's goals and invest in market opportunities, in addition to discovering new opportunities and reaching the real needs and desires of customers. The more organizations become aware of the real use of information, the more this leads to reaching the right decisions that serve the organization's goals.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Marketing dexterity
  topic: keywords
subject: market information
  topic: keywords
subject: marketing opportunities
  topic: keywords
creator: Muntadher kadhim shamran
creator: Abeer M. Mahdi AL-shammari
creator: Nagham Dayekh Abd Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-09-26
publication date: 2025-09-26
starting page: 18
ending page: 20
doi: 10.17605/

CITIZENS' RIGHTS IN THE THOUGHT OF AL -HIKMA NATIONAL MOVEMENT
type: item
description: Since its inception, Mr. Ammar Al-Hakim, President of the National Wisdom Movement (NWM), has championed the protection of fundamental rights for all citizen groups, with a vision centered on human development as the core of existence. The movement emphasizes empowering youth and women both academically and intellectually, guided by the principles of moderation, balance, and honor in serving citizens directly, while promoting openness and constructive engagement with all societal components. The movement’s project focuses on preparing youth to participate in all state institutions based on an equitable balance between the citizen and society, contributing to building the foundations of a modern and just state. It also seeks to enhance citizens’ well-being economically, socially, and culturally. Within the framework of fundamental rights enshrined in the Iraqi Constitution, the National Wisdom Movement advocates for access to adequate housing, education, employment, healthcare, and the protection of the rights of individuals with disabilities and special needs, ensuring a life of dignity and well-being in society.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: National Wisdom Movement
  topic: keywords
subject: Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Just State
  topic: keywords
creator: Iman Abdul Adheem Kadhim
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-09-28
publication date: 2025-09-28
starting page: 5
ending page: 17
doi: 10.17605/

EFFECTIVENESS OF VITAMIN D IN INFLAMMATION
type: item
description: Vitamin D plays an important role in inflammatory processes, calcium balance and the musculoskeletal system. This property of vitamin D is also an important factor in the principles of treating osteoarthritis (OA). In order to evaluate the effect of vitamin D on OA patients, to determine its effectiveness in inhibiting the inflammatory process, this study was conducted. Material and methods: The participants were a total of 30 patients with OA living in the Kuva district of Fergana region. The results were analyzed by examining the general and biochemical blood tests (leukocytes, CRB. ECHT and ferritin) of these patients. Results: A total of 30 patients, after thirty days of taking Vitamin D, all inflammatory markers returned to normal in all patients. It was found that the pain in the knee joint decreased significantly in the patients. Conclusion: Vitamin D is similar to Glucocorticoids in its mechanism of action. But it does not cause any complications. Based on this rule, in the future we should use Vitamin D more widely in arthritis and autoimmune diseases
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Osteoarthritis
  topic: keywords
subject: pain
  topic: keywords
subject: inflammation
  topic: keywords
creator: Gulomov M
creator: Akhmatov B. Kh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-09-13
publication date: 2025-09-13
starting page: 1
ending page: 4
doi: 10.17605/

https://scholarzest.com/index.php/ejrds/article/view/5107
type: item
title: THE SEMANTIC FUNCTIONS OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES IN CHRONICLE OF A DEATH FORETOLD BY GABRIEL GARCÍA MÁRQUEZ: (AN ANALYTICAL STUDY) LAS FUNCIONES SEMÁNTICAS DE LAS ORACIONES CONDICIONALES EN CRÓNICA DE UNA MUERTE ANUNCIADA MÁRQUEZ: (ESTUDIO ANALÍTICO) DE GA
description: This study analyzes conditional clauses from a semantic perspective in Gabriel García Márquez's novel Chronicle of a Death Foretold. We present five categories of conditional clauses: potential, actual, exhortative, counterfactual, and argumentative. It is clear how each type aids in the development of the story and the expression of features like ambiguity, caution, rebuke, or moral justification by analyzing a few examples taken straight from the text. This work is based on textual analysis, linguistic theories, and specialized scientific references. Desde una perspectiva semántica, se lleva a cabo el análisis de las oraciones condicionales en la novela Crónica de una muerte anunciada, escrita por Gabriel García Márquez. Muestra cinco clases de oraciones condicionales: exhortativas, potenciales, argumentativas, contrafactuales y reales. Al mirar algunos ejemplos del texto, se muestra cómo cada tipo ayuda a crear la narrativa y a manifestar elementos como advertencia, ambigüedad, justificación moral o reprimenda. Este estudio se basa en teorías de la lingüística, citas científicas concretas y análisis textuales.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: conditional clauses
  topic: keywords
subject: semantic analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: semantic functions Las funciones condicionales
  topic: keywords
creator: Mustafa Mohammed Rashid
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-08-28
publication date: 2025-08-28
starting page: 55
ending page: 60
doi: 10.17605/

TOWARDS A STRATEGIC DOCTRINE THAT SUPPORTS FUTURE INSTITUTIONAL PERFORMANCE IN COMBATING INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM IN IRAQ
type: item
description: Beyond any doubt, the impact of the phenomenon of international terrorism in Iraq over almost 20 years, alongside the material and moral damages it sustained, has forced political decision-makers to firmly believe that it is necessary to implement cautiously thought-out plans, options, and programs, both present and prospective, for the purpose of diminishing the threats to the national security system. Since terrorist organizations are able to form and achieve with modern instruments of power that justify criminal behavior in the context of extremist ideas and ideas they embrace that encompass all aspects of social life, the strategic imagination of the governing elites has actualized the character of the looming threat by these organizations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Strategic Doctrine
  topic: keywords
subject: Institutional Performance
  topic: keywords
subject: International Terrorism
  topic: keywords
creator: Asst. Prof. Dr. Wissam Saleh Abdul Hussein
creator: Asst. Dr. Hussam Dhafer Rahim
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-08-29
publication date: 2025-08-29
starting page: 46
ending page: 54
doi: 10.17605/

ANALYSIS OF THE VAT ADMINISTRATION DEVELOPMENT IN UZBEKISTAN
type: item
description: This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the development of ValueAdded Tax (VAT) administration in Uzbekistan. It traces the historical evolution of the VAT system, examining key reforms, regulatory changes, and administrative practices from its introduction to the present day. The research identifies fundamental, institutional, and instrumental challenges in the VAT framework, including inconsistencies in tax policy, the coexistence of traditional and modern VAT models, the prevalence of exemptions and reduced rates, and administrative inefficiencies. Emphasis is placed on the effectiveness of modern VAT mechanisms in enhancing compliance, broadening the tax base, and minimizing the cascading effects of taxation. The study also evaluates the impact of VAT reforms on small and medium enterprises, the informal economy, and overall fiscal stability. The findings highlight the need for continued institutional strengthening, policy simplification, and digitalization to ensure a more efficient and transparent VAT administration system in Uzbekistan.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Value added
  topic: keywords
subject: administration
  topic: keywords
subject: tax policy
  topic: keywords
subject: tax compliance
  topic: keywords
creator: Butayev Otkir
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-08-28
publication date: 2025-08-28
starting page: 29
ending page: 34
doi: 10.17605/

IMPACT OF PLANT SPECIES IN GREEN SYNTHESIS OF COPPER NANOPARTICLES ON THEIR MORPHOLOGY AND SIZE
type: item
description: This article describes the preparation of copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs). Natural sources as a green method were used in procedure. Then the properties of the products were compared to each other by XRD spectroscopy. The Copper nanoparticles were prepared using environmentally friendly manner using CuSO4 salt as a source of copper metal with the help two different aqueous extracts of grape and fig leaves as a reducing factor and NaOH solution as a precipitating agent. The copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) were obtained by slow addition of plants leaves extracts and sodium hydroxide solution as precipitating agent at room temperature. Copper nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, FE-SEM and TEM techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) examination showed that the size of copper nanoparticles was 36.67 and 29.57 nm for grape and fig leaves, respectively. FE-SEM images gave different sizes and shapes of copper nanoparticles at 327.39 and 123.74 nm to sample prepared by grape and fig leaves, respectively. The average size range from approximately 53 to 74 nm for Cu-NPs synthesized using grape leaf extract, and from 33 to 61 for those synthesized using fig leaf extract this confirmed by TEM techniques examination
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: copper nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: leaves plant extract
  topic: keywords
creator: Hajir Ahmed Mahdi
creator: Marwa Ismail Mubarak
creator: Weaam A. M.Al-Shammari
creator: Abeer khalefa abjel
creator: Maha A Mahmood
creator: Sahar H. Mourad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-08-20
publication date: 2025-08-20
starting page: 23
ending page: 28
doi: 10.17605/