DESTINATION ATTRIBUTES AND TOURISTS’ CHOICE OF VISITOR ATTRACTIONS IN BAYELSA STATE, NIGERIA
Keywords:
Visitor Attractions, Accessibility, AffordabilityAbstract
The study investigated the relationship between destination attributes and tourists’ choice of destination in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The descriptive survey research generated data from 322 visitors/tourists found within the selected visitor attraction sites in Bayelsa, State during the survey with the use of a well-structured questionnaire made. The result of the inferential statistical analysis using SPSS showed that the three destination attributes (visitor attraction, accessibility, and affordability) had positive and significant relationship with tourists’ destination choice. The study concluded that though destination attributes is important in decision making of tourists when seeking for where to spend their quality time, the level of influence these attributes have is to a high level extent. It was therefore recommended that, the local government and community stakeholders should invest heavily in awareness creation for visitor attraction sites in Bayelsa state as this will help showcase the attributes at their disposal, the host community should be carried along with tourism developmental plans as no tourist want to encounter a hostile community during visit, the facilities should be developed and maintained so as to appeal to visiting tourists, the prices for their product and services should be pocket friendly as most local tourists cannot afford them, and the access to the attraction sites should be developed and maintained.
References
Adeola, A. (2012). Domestic Airlines in Nigeria Reduces Fares to Win Passengers. Retrieved May 2nd, 2014, from www.bellanija.com.
Aksoy, R., & Kiyci, S . (2011). A Destination Image as a type of Image and Measuring Destination Image in Tourism (Amasra Case). European Journal of Social Sciences, 20, (3), 479–488.
Assaf, G.A & Josiansen, 2012. European vs U.S airlines: Performsncecomparison in a dynamic market. T ourism management, 33 (2):317-326
Assaker, G. (2014). Examining a Hierarchical Model of Australia’s Destination Image. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 20, (3), 195-210.
Asika, N. (2011). Research Methodology in Behavioural Sciences. Lagos: Longman Nigeria Plc.
Baloglu, S.& Uysal, M. (1996). Market Segments of Push and Pull Motivation: A Canonical Correlation Approach. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 8, 32-38.
Bankole, A. S. (2002). Services Trade Policy and the Nigerian Tourism Sector:A Note of Tourism Contribution, Constraints and Opportunities. A Paper Submitted to the African Journal of Economic Policy. Ibadan: Department of Economics; University of Ibadan
Bashar, A. A., & Ahmad, P.M.S. (2010). An Analysis of Push and Pull Travel Motivations of Foreign Tourists to Jordan. International Journal of Business Management, 5, (12) 41-50.
Battour, M., Ismail, M. N., & Battor, M . (2011). The Impact of Destination Attributes on Muslim Tourists Choice. International Journal of Tourism Research, 13:527–540.
Beerli, A.,& Martin, J. D. (2004). Factor Influencing Destination Image. Annals of Tourism Research, 3, (3), 657–681.
Bello, Y. O. (2015). Destination Selection process among Higher Education Students in Malaysia .University Putra Malaysia: Doctorate Degree Thesis Submitted to School of Graduate Studies.
Bello, Y. O., & Bello, M. B. (2017). Tourism Planning and Development in an Emerging Economy. Ondo: Grace Excellent Publishers.
Bello, Y. O., Bello, M. B., & Raja, N. R.Y. (2014). Travel and Tourism Business Confidence Index in Nigeria: Issues and Challenges. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 3, (2), 1-15.
Bello, Y. O., Raja, N, R. Y., Yuhanis, A. A., & Khairil, W. A. (2014a). The Framework of Edutourism System; Towards the Definition of Edu-tourism, Edu-tourist, and Edu-tourist Industry. In Hamimah, H, & Hossein, N, Selected Isseues in Hospitality and Toourism Sustainability (pp. 128-152). Selangor: UPM Press, Malaysia.
Bello, Y., Raja, N. R. Y., Yuhanis, A. A., & Khairil, W. B. (2015). Modelling the Relationship between Policy Strategies, Instruments, and Attitude of Locals with Sustainable Edu-tourism Industry in Malaysia. In Amer, H. J, Siti, R. H, & Muhammad, S. A, Trends in Hospitality and Tourism (pp. 1-19). Serdang: Universiti Putra Malaysia Press.
Bello, Y.O., & Bello, M.B. (2012). Infrastructure Development: A Strategic Approach for Sustainable Hospitality Business in Edo State. Continental Journal of Sustainable Development, 3, (1), 47-54.
BGL. (2014). Economic Note: Nigeria Tourism Industry: A revolutionized Tourism Sector as a Panacea for a Thriving Hospitality Business. Retrieved January 26th, 2014, from www.research.bg/group.com
Bian, X. (2003). Affecting Factors on Choice of Tourist Destination. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 6, CNKI Journals, China.
Bigne, J.E., Sanchez, M.I., & Sanchez, J., 2001. Tourism image, evaluation variables and after purchase behaviours: inter-relationship. Tourism management, 226: 607-616
Bogari, N.B., Crowther, G., & Marr, N. (2003). Motivation for Domestic Tourism: A Case Study of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Tourism Analysis, 8, (2), 137–141.
Braun, B & Soskin, M. (2003). Competitive Theme Park Strategies: Lessons from Central Florida. In A. G. Fyall, Managing Visitors Attractions: New Direction. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann
Buhalis, D. (2000). Marketing the Competitive Destination of Future. Tourism Management, 21, 97-116.
Bukola, I. (2018). Domestic Tourism to Contribute N3.6bn to Nigeria’s GDP In 2018. Retrieved
Feburary 23rd , 2019, from https://leadership.ng/2018/07/13/domestic-tourism-to-contributen3-6bn-to-nigerias-gdp-in-2018.
Buultjens, J., Ratnayake, I., Gnanapala, A., & Aslam, M. (2005). Tourism and its Implications for Management in Ruhuna National Park (Yala), Sri Lanka. Tourism Management, 26, 733–742.
Cakici, A. S., & Harman, S. (2007). Importance of Destination Attributes Affecting Destination Choice of Turkish Birdwatchers. Journal of Commerce Tourism Education Faculty, 1:131–45
Catalan, C. (2003). Public Policy of Nation Infrastructure; Americans in Ruins. USA: Daily Champion, 2011.
Chadwick, R. A. (1994). Concepts, Definitions, and Measures Used In Travel and Tourism Research. In J. R. Brent Ritchie, & Goelcher, C. R, Travel Tourism and Hospitality Research; A Handbook for Managers and Researchers (2nd ed.) (pp. pp. 65-80). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Chen, C. H. (2007). Understanding Taiwanese Students' Decision-making Factors Regarding Australian International Higher Education. International Journal of Educational Management, 20, (2), 91-100.
Chi, C.G., & Qu, H. (2009). Examining the Relationship between Tourists’ Attribute. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 18, (1), 4-25.
Chiu, L. K., & Ananzeh, O. A. (2012). The Role of MICE Destination Attributes on Framing Jordan Tourist Image. Academic Research International, 3,(1), 67–77.
Crompton, J.L.,1979. An assessment of the image mexico as avaction destination and influence of geographical location upon the image. Journal of travel research, 184:18-23
Crouch, G.I., & Ritchie,J.R.B. (2005). Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process to Tourism Choice and Decision Making: A Review and Illustration Applied to Destination Competitiveness. Tourism Analysis, 10, (1), 17-25.
Crouch, I. G. (2007). Modeling Destination Competitiveness: A Survey and Analysis of the Impact of Competitiveness Attributes. Retrieved December 20th, 2013, from CSR Sustainable Tourism: http://www.sustainabletourismonline.com
Debbagh, Z. & Azouaoui, H. (2022). The Mediating Role of Destination Image in the Relationship Between Event Image and Tourists' Behavioural Intentions Towards the Destination: The Case of Music Festivals in Morocco. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 11(2):754-769. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720.255
Devesa, M., Laguna, M., & Palacios, A. (2010). The Role of Motivation in Visitor Satisfaction:Empirical Evidence in Rural Tourism. Tourism Management, 34, (4), 547–552.
Dwyer, L., & Kim, C. (2003). Destination Competitiveness: Determinants and Indicators. Current Issues in Tourism, 6, (5), 369-414.
Echtner, C.M., & Ritchie, B.J.R. (1993). The Measurement of Destination Image: An Empirical Assessment. Journal of Travel Research, 31, 3–13.
Ekinci, Y., & Hosany, S. (2006). Destination Personality: An Application of Brand Personality to Tourism Destination. Journal of Travel Research, 45:127–140.
Emma, O. (2017). Nigeria Raked 97% Tourism Revenue from Domestic Travel in 2016. Lagos: Thisday Newspaper, February, 2nd.
Enright, M.J., & Newton, J. (2005). Tourism Destination Competitiveness: A Quantitative Research. Tourism Management, 25: 777-788.
Fornell C., & Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables andmeasurement error. Journal of Market Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Foo, C. C., Russsayani, I., & Lim, H. E. (2010). Factors Affecting Choice for Education Destination: A Case of International Students at Universiti Utara Malaysia. Third International Conference on International Studies. Kuala Lumpur: Tourism Educators of Malaysia
Freneund, J. E., & William, F.J. (2009). Quick Statistics. London: Penguin.
Gallarza MG, Saura IG, Gracia HC. Destination image: Towards a conceptual framework. Annals of Tourism Research. 2002; 29(1):56–78.
Gnoth, J., Andreu, L., & Kozak, M. (2009). Advances in Tourism Marketing Research: Introduction to a Special Issue on Consumer Behaviour in Tourism Destinations. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 3, (2):99–102.
Hair Jr, J. F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J & Anderson, R.E (2010) Multivariate Data Analysis( 7th ed). London: Pearson
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis (6th Ed.) . Upper Saddle River, NJ : Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hakak, A. I. (2013). Perception of Tourists Towards Hospitality of Kashmiris: A Case Study. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 1,(5), 113–115.
Harikrishna, M., & Rajat, R. (2011). Social and Psychological Factors Influencing Destination Preferences of Domestic Tourists in India. Leisure Studies, 1–11.
Haxton, P. (2015). “A Review of Effective Policies for Tourism Growth”, OECD Tourism Papers, 2015/01. OECD Publishing.
Holloway, C., Humphreys, C., & Davidson, R. (2009). The Business of Tourism. 8th Edition . Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
Hsu, T. K., Tsai, Y. F., & Wu, H. H. (2009). The Preference Analysis for Tourist Choice of Destination: A Case Study of Taiwan. Tourism Management, 30,(2) 288-297.
Hudson, S., & Ritchie, B. (2002). Understanding the Domestic Market Using Cluster Analysis: A Case Study of the Marketing Efforts of Travel Alberta. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 8, (3), 263– 276.
Huybers, T. (2003). Domestic Tourism Destination Choices. International Journal of Tourism Research, 5, (6), 445–459.
Igbojekwe, P. A., Okoli, C. I., & Ugo-Okoro, C. (2013). Attitude to Recreation: A Hindrance to Development of Tourism Industry in Nigeria. International Journal of Art and Commerce, 2, (2), 12-23.
Inskeep, E. (1999). Tourism Planning: An Integrated and Sustainable Development Approach. New York: Van Nostand Reinhold.
Jacqueline, L. (2010). An Exploratory Study of Factors Influencing the Decision of Students to Study at Universiti Sains Malaysia. Kajian Malaysia, 28, (2),107-136.
Jani, D., Jang, C., Hwang, Y.H . (2009). Differential Effects of Tourism Resources on the Attractiveness of Destination Bundles. International Journal of Tourism Sciences, 9, (1), 23–36.
Jason, M. S. L., Ahmad, Azmi, M. A.,& Azhar, Hj. A. (2011). Edu-tourism: Exploring the Push-Pull Factors in Selecting a University. International Journal of Business and Society, 12, (1), 63-78.
Javid, S., & Roma, A. (2016). Factors Influencing Local Tourists' Decision Making on Choosing a Destination: A Case of Azerbaijan . Ekonomika, 95, (3), 112-127.
Jennifer, B., & Thea, C. (2013). Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report: Reducing Barriers to Economic Growth and Job Creation. Geneva: World Economic Forum
Jumia Travel. (2017). The Hospitality and Tourism Outlook in Nigeria. Lagos: Jumia Travel Nigeria.
Kassean, H & Gassita, R (2013) Exploring tourists push and pull motivations to visit Mauritius as a tourist destination. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 2 (3), 1-13.
Kim, J.H. (2014). The Antecedents of Memorable Tourism Experiences: The Development of a Scale to Measure the Destination Attributes Associated with Memorable Experiences. Tourism Management, 44: 34-45.
Kim, J.H., Ritchie, J.R.B & McCormick, B. (2012). Development of a Scale to Measure Memorable Tourism Experiences. Journal of Travel Research, 51, (1), 12-25.
Kim, K., Hallab, Z., & Kim, J. N. (2012). The Moderating Effect of Travel Experience in a Destination on the Relationship between the Destination Image and the Intention to Revisit. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 21: 486-505.
Kleckley, J. (2008). Economy: NC and its Regions. A Workshop on Climate. Weather and Tourism, November 14-15. East Carolina: East Carolina University.
Kotler, P., Bowen, J. T., & Makens, J. C. (2006). Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism 4th (ed.).New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
Lam, T., & HSU, C. (2006). Predicting Behavioural Intention of Choosing a Travel Destination. Tourism Management, 27: 589-599.
Lee, C., Lee., Y, & Lee, B., (2005). Koreas destination image formed by the 2002 world cup. Annals of tourism research, 324: 838-858
Lew., A.A (1987). A framework for tourists attraction research, Annals of tourism research, 14:553-575.
Lin, L.Z., & Hsu, T. H. (2013). The Analysis of Risk Perception with Fuzzy Means-end Approach. Qual Quant, 47:713–34.
Madhavan, H., & Rastogi, R. (2011). Social and Psychological Factors Influencing Destination. Leisure Studies, 1-11.
Mazlina, M., Ahmad, S., Sridar, R., & Syamsul, H. M. A. (2015). The Role of Destination Attributes and Memorable Tourism Experience in Understanding Tourist Revisit Intentions. American Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environment Science , 15, (Tourism & Environment, Social and Management Sciences): 32-39.
Mill, R. C. & Morrison, A. M. (1992). The Tourism System: An Introductory Text. New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall International: Englewood Cliffs.
Moscardo, G. (2004). Shopping as a Destination Attraction: An Empirical Examination of the Role of Shopping in Tourists’ Destination Choice and Experience. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10, (4), 294–307
Moutinho, L. (2005). Strategic management in Tourism. Cambridge, Mass: CABI Publishing.
Nicolau, J.L., & Más, F.J. (2005). Stochastic Modeling – A Three-stage Tourist Choice Process. Annals of Tourism Research, 32, (1), 49–69.
Niyi, A. (2010). Most Expensive Hotels in Lagos Nigeria. Retrieved January 26th, 2014, from www.nigeriafilms.com.
Nolan, M. J., & Keller, F.C. (2006). Campfires, Cathedrals, and Casinos: Sociodemographic Variation and Perceptions of Tourist Destinations. 2nd Annual Meetings of the Society for Anthropological Sciences.Savannah, GA: Retrieved July 24, 2006,http//:www.cast.uark.edu/ar_tourism/content/Lastfreelist.pdf
Okoli, C. I. (2001). Tourism Development in Nigeria. Enugu: Jee Communication.Open-door Report. (2013). Fast Facts: International Students in the US. Retrieved July 9th, 2014, from www.iie.org/ open-door.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2007). Education at a Glance: OECD Indicators. Retrieved September 11th, 2013, from www. oecd.org/dataoecd/4/55/39313286.pdf
Organization, W. T. (2016). UNWTO World Tourism Barometer. Retrieved July 16th , 2017, from Madrid: UNWTO: http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/barometer.ht
Page, J. (1999). Transport and Tourism. Essex England: Addison Wesley, Longman.
Pallant, J. (2010). SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis Using SPSS. McGraw-Hill International.
Petruzzellis, L., & Romanazzi, S. (2010). Educational Value: How Students Choose University: Evidence from an Italian University. International Journal of Educational Management, 24, (2), 139-158.
Pike, S. (2004). Destination Brand Positions of a Competitive set of Near-home Destination. Journal of Tourism Management, 30: 857–866.
Pikkemaat, B. (2004). The Measurement of Destination Image: The Case of Austria. The Poznan University of Economics Review, 4, (1), 87-102.
PricewaterhouseCoopers. (2017). African Insights Hotels outlook: 2017–2021. Retrieved August 11, 2018, from www.pwc.co.za/ hospitality-and-leisure.
Proshare. (2017). Tourism’s Direct Contribution to Nigeria’s GDP Yet to Rise in 4th Quarter as
Forecast Indicate. Retrieved Feburary 23rd, 2019, from https://www.proshareng.com/news/Travel%20&%20Tours/2017--Tourism’s-DirectContribution-to-Nigeria’s-GDP-Yet-to-Rise-in-4th-Quarter-as-Forecast-In
Qu, H., Kim, L. H., & Im, H. H. (2011). A Model of Destination Branding:Integrating the Concept of the Branding and Destination Image. Journal of Tourism Management, 32, (10), 465–476.
Ritchie, J.R.B., & Crouch, G. I. (2003). The Competitive Destination: A sustainable tourism perspective. Wallingford, UK: CABI.
Roday, S., Biwal, A., & Joshi, V. (2009). Tourism Operations and Management. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Saini, S., & Arasanmi, C.N. (2021). Attaining digital advocacy behaviour through destination image and satisfaction. International Journal of Tourism Cities 7(1), 119-134.
Scott, D., & Thipen, J. (2003). Understanding the Birder as Tourist: Segmenting Visitors to the Texas Hummer/Bird Celebration. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 8: 199-218.
Sharma, A., Sharma, A., & Kukreja, S. (2012). Economic Contribution of Tourism Industry Toward Society. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 3, (10), 1–19.
Siaw, L.P & Ansah, G.O (2015) Tourist destination choice: Motivational factors among social science students association at KNUST. Research Journal of Hospitality Tourism, 2(1), 1-13.
Sparks, B., & Pan, G. W. (2009). Chinese Outbound Tourists: Understanding their Attitudes, Constraints and use of Information Sources. Tourism Management, 30, (4), 483-494.
Summers, H., 1999. Tourist destination management. Frankfurt: an imprint of multilingual matters Ltd
Sun, C. (2005). A Summary of Domestic Researches on Tourist Informationisation in Recent Years. Tourism Science, 3, CNKI Journals, China, Retrieved October 15, 2011, from http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-LUYX200503012.htm.
Sun, K., & Lu, L. (2006). Analysis of Domestic Tourist Characteristics and Behaviour of Travellin;g Taking Korean Autonomous Prefecture of Yanbian as an Example. Resource Development and Market, 4, CNKI Journals, China, Retrieved October 15, 2011, from http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-ZTKB200604025.htm.
Tourism 2025 Growing Value Togethe. (2014). Domestic Tourism – The Backbone of the Industry . Retrieved Feburary 23rd, 2019, from www.tourism2025.org.nz/tourism-2025-archive/domestic-tourism-the-backbone-of-the-industry/
Truong, T.H., & King, B. (2009). An Evaluation of Satisfaction Levels among Chinese Tourists in Vietnam. International Journal of Tourism Research, 11: 521–535.
Turner, L., and Reisinger, Y. 1999. Importance and expectatipns of destination attributesfor Japanese tourist to Huwawii and gold coast cpmpared. Asia pacific Journal of tourism resesearch, 42:1-18
U.S. Travel Association. (2018). The Economic Impact of Domestic Travel On Virginia Counties, 2017; Doing Business as Virginia Tourism Corporation. Washington, D.C: Virginia Tourism Authority.
Ujwary-Gil, A. (2013). The value added intellectual coefficient – possible indicator of measurement in the knowledge based economy. Retrieved November 5, 2018 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236032541
United Nation World Tourism Organisation. (2014). UNWTO World Tourism Barometer. Retrieved Feburary 16th, 2014, from 16, 2014, from Madrid: UNWTO: http://www.unwto.org/
Upadhaya, M. (2012). Influence of Destination Image and Destination Personality: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Marketing and Communication, 7, (3), 40–47.
Vanguard Newspaper, July 12th. (2018). Nigeria to Earn N3.63 billion from Domestic Tourism by End of 2018. Retrieved Feburary 23rd, 2019, from https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/07/nigeriato-earn-n3-63-billion-from-domestic-tourism-by-end-of-2018-hospitality-report-says/
Wall, G., & Mathiesom, A. (2006). Tourism: Change, Impacts and Opportunities. New York: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Wang, S., & Qu, H. (2006). A Study of Tourists' Satisfaction Determinants in the Context of the Pearl River Delta Sub-Regional Destinations. Journal of Hospitality and Leisure Marketing, 14, (3), 49-63.
Wong, K.M & Musa, G (2011). Branding satisfaction in the Airline Industry: A Comparative Study of Malaysia Airlines and Air Asia. African Journal of Business Management. 5(8) 3410-3423.
World Travel and Tourism Council. (2018). Domestic Tourism Importance and Economic Impact.Geneva: World Economic Forum.
World Travel and Tourism Council. (2018a). Travel and Tourism Economic Impact in Africa. United Kingdom: Rochelle Turner.
Xue, G., Sun, G., & Hou, W. (2008). An Analysis of Domestic Tourism in Xi’an Based on Tourist Preference and Market Competition. Tourism Tribune, 9, CNKI Journals, China, Retrieved October 15, 2022, from http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTALLYXK200809010.
Yang, R., Bai, K., & Cai, P. (2007). Factor Analysis of University Student’s Tourist Motives –Take Universities Students of Xi’an as an example. Journal of Baoji University of Arts and
Sciences, Retrieved October 15, 2011, from http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTALBJWX200701025.htm.
Zhang, H. Q., & Lam, T. (1999). An Analysis of Mainland Chinese Visitors’ Motivations to Visit Kong. Tourism Management, 20, (5), 587-594.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.