HISTORICAL THEORIES ON THE ORIGINS OF THE OTTOMAN STATE

Abstract

The 13th century CE marked a pivotal moment in world history with the emergence of the Ottoman Empire—an event whose influence extended over six centuries. Initially established as a modest frontier principality, the Ottoman state rapidly evolved into a vast empire spanning large regions across the Old World. This extraordinary transformation has drawn the attention of numerous historians, prompting critical inquiry into the origins and development of the Ottoman state. This research aims to examine and evaluate the diverse theories proposed by historians regarding the foundation and rise of the Ottoman Empire. It seeks to distinguish between biased, conflicting interpretations and those most consistent with historical realities. Specifically, the study engages with scholarly perspectives on the origins, early development, and religious identity of the Ottomans. The motivation for selecting this topic lies in the need to clarify the varied historical narratives surrounding the formation of the Ottoman state in Anatolia—an area often overlooked in mainstream historiography. While many studies have addressed the broader history of the Ottoman Empire, few have critically explored the foundational narratives, including the etymology of its name and the circumstances of its rise. Moreover, the Ottoman Empire's pivotal role in Islamic history—particularly its assumption of the Islamic Caliphate until the early 20th century—underscores its historical significance. The Ottoman Emirate played a crucial role in the expansion of Islamic territories and the defense of Muslim lands against external threats, making its origins a subject of enduring relevance and importance.