European Journal of Agricultural and Rural Education
The European Journal of Agricultural and Rural Education (EJARE) is a multidisciplinary, peer-reviewed, open access journal dedicated to advancing research and innovation in agricultural and rural education. The journal provides an international platform for academicians, researchers, educators, and practitioners to share scholarly work that enhances knowledge, skills, and sustainable practices in agriculture and rural development. Published online on a monthly basis, EJARE ensures timely dissemination of high-quality research while maintaining rigorous peer-review standards. The journal focuses on bridging the gap between education, agricultural practices, and rural community development to address contemporary global challenges. ISSN (E):2660-5643 Journal Impact Factor: 10.405 SJIF : 8.204 ResearchBib: 11.85
INTEGRATED EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS, FERTILIZATION, AND TILLAGE ON YIELD COMPONENTS AND GRAIN QUALITY OF WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) UNDER ARID CONDITION OF IRAQ
Efficient management of water, nutrients, and soil conditions is essential for improving wheat productivity under irrigated agriculture. This study evaluated the integrated effects of irrigation systems, fertilization, and tillage practices on yield components and qualitative treats of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment included three irrigation methods (pivot, fixed, and flood irrigation), two fertilization levels (fertilized and unfertilized), and two tillage systems (tillage and no-tillage). Results indicated that irrigation systems significantly influenced yield components and qualitative treats. Pivot The triple interaction among center pivot irrigation, fertilization, and tillage (I1T1F1) recorded the highest spike density, reaching 310 spikes/m². For the number of grains per spike, center pivot irrigation achieved superiority with an average of 39 grains/spike. Fertilization and tillage significantly increased this trait, reaching a maximum of 40 grains when the three optimal factors were combined. Concerning 1000-grain weight and test weight, center pivot irrigation recorded the highest averages, reaching 40.13 g and 838.25 g/L, respectively. The results confirmed that fertilization and tillage improved grain filling efficiency and grain density. Vegetative growth results indicated that plant height reached its maximum under center pivot irrigation and fertilization, recording 1.18 m and 1.22 m, respectively.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE DRUG DNOC CRYSTAL 45% S.P. UZBEKISTAN IN THE FIGHT AGAINST SCALE INSECTS ON THE APPLE TREE
Dnok Crystal 45% pp. It turned out to be an effective means in the fight against cotton bollworm at a rate of 0.3-0.4 kg/ha on cotton crops. In the specified consumption rate, the drug Dnok Crystal 45% s.p. does not have a toxic effect on the growth and development of plants. Based on the results of the industrial field test, we believe that it is necessary to include the drug Dnok Crystal 45% s.p. in the “List of ...” of the Republic of Uzbekistan. against cotton bollworm the norm is 0.3- 0.4 kg/ha on cotton crops
SHARE OF RAINFED LANDS IN THE LAND FUND STRUCTURE OF KASHKADARYA REGION
This article analyzes the geographical distribution, relief characteristics, climatic conditions, and land fund structure of rainfed agricultural lands in the Kashkadarya region. The main objective of the study is to identify the spatial distribution patterns of rainfed lands in the area and to assess their agro-ecological potential.
CONTINUITY OF THE GROWTH PERIOD AND GRAIN PRODUCTION OF PEA VARIETIES AND RANGES
This article analyzes the formation and development stages of varieties and rows in relation to standard varieties in the phases of the growth period of legumes, especially chickpea. In addition, biometric indicators of chickpea varieties and rows and most importantly, information on grain yield are presented.
THE ECOLOGICAL IMPACT OF ROOT FEEDING CROPS WITH MINERAL AND ORGANIC FERTILIZERS USING THE SUSPENSION METHOD UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF KARAKALPAKSTAN
This article analyzes the ecological efficiency of root feeding crops with mineral and organic fertilizers using the suspension method under the conditions of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. In the study, a technology for supplying nutrients to crops through the suspension method was applied, and its impact on crop yield, soil quality, and environmental indicators was scientifically evaluated. The root suspension method ensures rapid and balanced delivery of nutrients to crops, reduces the harmful leaching of chemical fertilizers into soil and water, and enhances microbial activity and biological balance. The combined application of mineral and organic fertilizers significantly increases crop productivity and improves ecological efficiency. This research is of great importance for developing sustainable agrotechnological solutions and introducing environmentally friendly agricultural practices in Karakalpakstan
THE IMPACT OF ECOLOGICAL FACTORS ON THE CULTIVATION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS IN THE NORTHERN REGIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF KARAKALPAKSTAN
The northern regions of the Republic of Karakalpakstan are of strategic importance for agricultural crop production, where climatic and environmental conditions determine crop yield and quality. The purpose of this study is to scientifically assess how biological and ecological factors of the ecosystem influence crop productivity and quality, and to develop sustainable agrotechnological recommendations. The research results indicate that changes in water balance, the mineral and organic content of soil, microbial activity, and the scale of pest populations significantly affect crop yield and quality. The application of environmentally sustainable agrotechnological methods plays an important role in increasing crop productivity, maintaining soil quality, and preserving ecosystem balance. This study provides a scientific basis for local farmers and agrotechnologists to implement environmentally friendly, efficient, and sustainable agricultural technologies.
INFLUENCE ON THE INHERITANCE, VARIABILITY AND FORMATION OF FIBER YIELD TRAITS IN F1- F3 PLANTS
In the article, the highest index of fiber output in F3-F4 plants is 39.4% in the Surkhon-14 variety, 38.8% in the Raider-276 sample, and 41.3% among the F3 plants (F3Surkhon-14 x Line- 45-2-1-2-37) fiber output combinations F3Raider-276 x Surkhon-14,F3S-6524 x Raider276,F3 Namangan-77 x Line-45-2-1-2-37,F3Lonren- 1 x Surkhan-14 combinations showed a fiber output of not less than 39%, and in F4 plants, combinations with Surkhan-14 variety showed more than 39%
EARLY WATERMELON CULTIVATION EXPERIMENT IN KUKDALA DISTRICT, KASHKADARYA REGION
In the Kukdala District of the Kashkadarya Region, Republic of Uzbekistan, a specialized system for early watermelon cultivation has been established. For early production, seeds are sown by December 15 in nurseries into polyethylene cups filled with a special substrate. The seedlings are prepared for 2 months and, when they develop 5–6 true leaves, are transplanted into arched fields covered with two layers of polyethylene film. The transplanted seedlings are cultivated, and watermelon fruits ripen from the end of April to the first ten days of May
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
CULTIVATION OF LATE-SEASON POTATOES AFTER GREEN MANURE CROPS
This study evaluates the growth, biomass, and seed productivity of autumn-sown green manure crops on saline-irrigated soils in Kashkadarya. Species tested include rapeseed, oilseed radish, peas, grey mustard, and their mixtures. Key parameters measured were plant height (75.8–312.2 cm), density (108.4–468.7 plants/m²), biomass (26.4–34.3 t/ha), and seed yield: rapeseed (20.2–23.5 c/ha), grey mustard (15.6–18.4 c/ha), oilseed radish (19.3–21.7 c/ha), and peas (23.8–25.4 c/ha). Use of green manure crops improved soil bulk density (1.24–1.30 g/cm³), water permeability (70.3–122.8 m³/ha), and fertility indicators: humus (1.16– 1.20%), nitrate nitrogen (11.58–31.48 mg/kg), phosphorus (29.72–41.3 mg/kg), and potassium (301.5–312.0 mg/kg). Weed infestation decreased by 7.2–13.8%, while earthworm burrows increased 3.2–5.9 times. Late-season potato varieties showed longer vegetation (3–10 days), taller plants (65.3–73.4 cm), more branches (3.7–4.6), and larger leaf area (56.7–70.9 thousand cm²/m²). Tubers yield ranged 31.2–37.9 t/ha, commercial yield 30.1–36.5 t/ha, with a multiplication coefficient of 6.2–8.4
METHODS OF MILKING SHEEP AND ORGANIZING SUPPLEMENTAL FEEDING
The article provides information on increasing the milk productivity of Karakul sheep, methods of milking them, supplemental feeding for milking ewes, and a feed recipe.
THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF SOIL TILLAGE ON THE HEIGHT OF WINTER WHEAT
The article discusses the sowing of winter wheat seeds in different ways on light gray soils of the Kashkadarya region after summer green manure and the effect on plant height. Analysis of the experimental results showed that plant height varied depending on soil cultivation. Compared with zero tillage, plant height increased with soil plowing.
ECOLOGO-GENETIC FORMATION AND DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF MOUNTAIN BROWN SOILS IN THE TURKESTAN RANGE
This study investigates the ecologo-genetic formation processes and natural distribution patterns of mountain brown soils developed in the mid-altitude zones of the Turkestan mountain range. Field observations, morphological analyses, and ecological comparison methods were applied. The results indicate that the formation of mountain brown soils occurs under the combined influence of relief, climate, vegetation cover, moisture regime, and parent material. With increasing altitude, climatic conditions become cooler, precipitation increases, and vegetation composition changes, leading to a transformation in the physicochemical properties of the soils. Based on morphological and genetic features, three main subtypes of mountain brown soils were identified: calcareous, typical, and slightly de-alkalized. These findings provide a scientific basis for understanding the ecologo-genetic development patterns of soils in mountainous regions and serve as a foundation for their sustainable use and conservation
THE EFFECT OF SPRAYING ALPHA-TOCIFEROL AND THE AMINO ACID PHENYLALANINE ON THE VEGETATIVE AND VOLATILE OIL O F MENTHA PİPRETA L
This study was conducted in the agricultural research station- College of Agriculture and Marshlands, University of Thi Qar, Iraq. The paper presents the effect of spraying alpha-tociferol and amino acid some of the vegetative characteristics, chemical components and oil of the mint plant (Mentha pipreta L.), with three variants (0 control, 20 and 60) mg/l as alpha-tociferol source were tested, and three variants (0 control, 20 and 60) mg/l as Amino acid source were tested. Results shown that the plants treated at a concentration of 60 mg/l with nano -zanic fertilizer and Amino acid were superior in plant height (24.86,29.11)) cm; leaves number (73.57,66.30) carbohydrates (2.873 2.563)mg/g; percentage of volatile oil in the leaves(0.5 794 0.7 083)%;. respectively.
SELECTION OF VARIETIES AND LINES OF LENTILS (LENS CULINARIS) WITH HIGH GRAIN YIELD AND PROTEIN CONTENT
There are more than 7 billion people on Earth today, of which 3 billion live in hunger. In addition to the quantity of products grown for food, it is important for its diversity, ecological purity, and richness in minerals beneficial to the human body and health. These nutrients are found in large quantities only in legumes, including lentils. Therefore, creating new varieties of lentils, increasing their yield and grain quality is an urgent task.
associate professor Jabarov Farrux Odirovich
Associate Professor Abduganiev Oybek Abdukhamidovich
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SOWING PERIODS, SEEDING RATES, AND FERTILIZATION NORMS ON THE YIELD COMPONENTS OF WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES
The article provides information on planting norms, periods, and the effect of mineral fertilizers on the structure of the crop, based on the biology of each created wheat variety, in the cultivation of high and stable yields from grain crops
THE EFFECT OF THE RATES AND TIMING OF APPLICATION OF BIOPREPARATIONS, ORGANIC AND MINERAL FERTILIZERS ON THE BIOMETRIC INDICATORS OF THE AVERAGE WHITE CABBAGE PLANT
This article presents scientific data on the weight, diameter, height, and productivity of a single head of medium-maturing white cabbage depending on the application rates of organic, mineral, and biological preparations under irrigated typical sierozem soil conditions.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SOIL TILLAGE METHODS ON THE HEIGHT OF WINTER WHEAT
The article discusses the sowing of winter wheat seeds in different ways on light gray soils of the Kashkadarya region after summer green manure and the effect on plant height. Analysis of the experimental results showed that plant height varied depending on soil cultivation. Compared with zero tillage, plant height increased with soil plowing
PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INTERNAL ORGANS OF RABBITS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALPHA-SHAKTI
This study investigated the toxic effects of the synthetic pyrethroid insecticide Alpha-Shakti using morphological methods. A total of 9 rabbits were divided into three groups. The first group received a single oral dose of 53.57 mg/kg of Alpha-Shakti via a probe. The second group received 89.29 mg/kg in the same manner. The third group served as the control and did not receive the insecticide. After 14 days, the animals were euthanized, and their internal organs were examined histologically. The results showed that the 53.57 mg/kg dose did not cause visible toxic effects. However, the 89.29 mg/kg dose led to vascular disturbances, dystrophic and necrobiotic changes in the myocardium, liver, and kidneys.
EXAMINING THE MEAT PRODUCTIVITY OF BLACK KARAKUL SHEEP IN THE USTYURT PLATEAU CONDITIONS AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING IN PASTURE ENVIRONMENTS
This article examines the relationship between meat productivity and constitutional types of black Karakul sheep in the conditions of the Ustyurt plateau. Additionally, conclusions are drawn regarding the effectiveness of supplementary feeding in pasture conditions
EFFECT OF EXTENDED IRRIGATION INTERVALS AND FOLIAR APPLICATION OF POTASSIUM SULFATE AND PROLINE ON SOME YIELD COMPONENTS AND MINERAL CONTENT OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) GRAINS
Water stress is a major challenge for maize cultivation, detrimentally affecting the development of yield components and the nutritional value of grains. This study aimed to evaluate the role of foliar-applied potassium sulfate and proline in improving specific ear characteristics (ear length, number of rows, and grains per row) and the mineral content (nitrogen and phosphorus) of grains under varying water-deficit conditions.
RESULTS OF BREAD WHEAT BREEDING FOR DEVELOPING NEW VARIETIES IN RAINFED LANDS
In the context of ongoing global climate change, scientific research is being conducted at the Research Institute of Rainfed Agriculture on the developing of Bread wheat varieties resistant to stress factors of climatic and weather conditions in the rainfed lands of Uzbekistan. During the research, new varieties and lines of spring and facultative bread wheat adapted to climate change, resistant to abnormal heat and drought, ultra-early ripening, with a short growing season, intensive and efficient use of soil moisture, were evaluated.
EFFECT OF GROWTH-PROMOTING BACTERIA SUPPLEMENTED TO THE CASING LAYER ON THE YIELD AND MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS OF AGARICUS BISPORUS
The study was conducted in November 2020 at the pioneering mushroom farm and laboratories of the College of Agriculture, University of Tikrit, to investigate the effects of bacterial isolates on the production of Agaricus bisporus mushrooms. Four bacterial isolates—Bacillus pumilus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas mosselii, and Pseudomonas putida—were obtained from the laboratory and applied at three concentrations two days after casing soil application.
RESULTS OF PHENOLOGICAL OBSERVATION OF FIRST AND SECOND YEAR FAMILIES OF DURUM WHEAT VARIETIES
When increasing the productivity of agricultural crops, attention is paid to the quality of the seeds planted. It is known from the achievements of science and the experiences of advanced production that modern, properly organized seed production increases the yield of crops by 25-30 percent. At the same time, crop yields depend on the level of technology used and the correct selection of varieties. The additional yield produced by planting quality seeds is obtained at no cost and provides significant economic benefits
SYNTHESIS OF POLYMER COMPLEXES FOR THE TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF OBSTETRIC AND GYNECOLOGICAL DISEASES OF CATTLE
The results of studies on obtaining polymer compositions with both organic and inorganic substances intended for use in veterinary pharmacology are presented. Binding physiologically active substances to polymers increases the duration of action and effectiveness of drugs, changing the method of administration, harmfulness and harmful properties of drugs - allows to reduce. It is very important to obtain new medicinal forms of polymers with a complex of unique properties and to develop methods for using polymer systems in pharmacology, especially in veterinary practice. Studies of the obtained compositions have shown the high efficiency of the developed dosage forms.
MILK PRODUCTIVITY OF LOCAL GOATS IN USTYURT PASTURE CONDITIONS
This article examines the milk productivity of local goats in the pasture conditions of the Ustyurt Plateau. It analyzes the differences in milk productivity based on the age at first kidding, compares the productivity to the average indicators of local goats across all kidding ages, and determines the daily milk productivity on a monthly basis. Conclusions are drawn from these findings.
AN ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE WANDERING BEETLE, LARINUS MACULOSUS (SCHR.) (CURCULIONIDAE: COLEOPTERA), IN THE GOVERNORATES OF IRAQ
The wandering weevil, Larinus maculosus (Schr), is the most recently discovered species of the genus Larinus, belonging to the Coleoptera family. It is widely distributed in central and northern Iraq, particularly. A total of 110 Larinus species have been identified across Iraq, and it has been shown that the majority of species are recorded in the northern regions, compared to the southern regions, at a rate that may reach 70%. It is also clear that there are morphological and anatomical differences between L. maculosus and its closest relatives. The most obvious differences are found in the head region, specifically the snout, as well as in the male and female reproductive organs. It has also been found that this insect has a great ability to survive in harsh environmental conditions and may be a serious agricultural pest for economic crops. At the same time, this insect can be used for biological control of plants that harm agricultural crops.
INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER RATE ON BIOMETRIC AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF SOY VARIETIES
The article discusses the effect of fertilizer rates on the height of the main stem, the number of branches, the position of the first pod, the number of pods per pod, the number of grains per pod, and the weight of 1000 grains in soybean varieties
ASSESSMENT OF MARSH WATER QUALITY IN THI-QAR AT SPECIFIC STATIONS FOR TWO SEASONS OF THE YEAR
The aim of this study is to assess the water quality of the marshes in Thi Qar Governorate by analyzing the physical and chemical properties of water at selected stations during two different seasons of the year (winter and summer). Water samples were regularly collected from several sites, including Al-Sanaf Marsh, Abu Subait, and Al-Amalaq, and laboratory analyses were conducted using specialized equipment such as a pH meter, electrical conductivity meter, and turbidity meter, in addition to measuring the concentrations of essential ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. The results showed a significant variation in pH, total hardness, total dissolved solids, and electrical conductivity between the two seasons, with higher values observed in summer due to increased evaporation rates and reduced inflow of freshwater. Increased salinity and turbidity levels were also noted, indicating the impact of environmental factors and climate changes on water quality in the marshes. This study underscores the importance of regularly monitoring water quality to maintain ecological balance in the marshes and ensure the sustainability of water resources for the local population. It also recommends adopting sustainable strategies for water resource management and pollution reduction to preserve the marsh environment as a vital source of biodiversity and local economic activities. The objectives of the research are: to sustainably preserve natural resources and the economic activities of its inhabitants in order to achieve sustainable development goals and choose sustainable methods that are compatible with the nature of natural and environmental resources and are consistent with the nature of economic activities in the region. It can be considered local, but its impact is regional and international.
This article provides valuable information on the procedures, instructions, and methods for growing elite seeds, as well as the procedures for organizing nurseries and classifying first- and second-year generations into classes when using individual and mass selection methods
DEVELOPMENT OF A CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK FOR APPLYING STIMULATORS THAT INFLUENCE THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF COTTON
This article analyzes the results of experiments using the "Tandem" stimulator, "Indoxamektin" insecticide, and "Zeroks" fungicide to regulate the growth and development of plants of the regionalized medium-fiber "Bukhara-8" and fine-fiber "Marvarid" cotton varieties. The study aims to mitigate their harmful effects on the environment and prevent abiotic and biotic stresses observed during their ontogenesis